Haplogroup S-M230

Haplogroup S (M230)
Possible time of origin	28,000-41,000 years before present (Scheinfeldt 2006)
Possible place of origin	New Guinea/Indonesia
Ancestor	K2b1a.
Descendants	S1 (M254)
Defining mutations	M230, P202, P204
Highest frequencies	Ekari 74% (Mona 2007)

Haplogroup S (M230), also known as Haplogroup K2b1a4, is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is the largest subclade of Haplogroup K2b1a (which was previously known as Haplogroup S-P405).

S-M230 is commonly found among populations of the highlands of Papua New Guinea (Kayser 2003). It is also found at lower frequencies in adjacent parts of Indonesia and Melanesia.

Distribution

One study has reported finding haplogroup S-M230 in: 52% (16/31) of a sample from the Papua New Guinea Highlands; 21% (7/34) of a sample from the Moluccas; 16% (5/31) of a sample from the Papua New Guinea coast; 12.5% (2/16) of a sample of Tolai from New Britain; 10% (3/31) of a sample from Nusa Tenggara, and; 2% (2/89) of a sample from the West New Guinea lowlands/coast.(Kayser 2003 Cox 2006)

Phylogenetics

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the ISOGG 2015 tree, the YCC 2008 tree (Karafet 2008) and subsequent published research.

• K (M526)
  • K2 (M526/PF5979) known previously as KxLT.
    • NO (M214/Page39) also known as K2a
    • K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) also known as MPS
      • K2b1 P397, P399
        • K2b1a P405
          • K2b1a1 P60, P304, P308
          • K2b1a2 P79, P307
          • K2b1a3 P315
          • S (M230, P202, P204) also known as K2b1a4
            • S1 (M254)
              • S1a (P57)
              • S1b (P61)
              • S1c (P83)
              • S1d (M226.1) Found at low frequency in the Admiralty Islands and along the Papua New Guinea coast (Kayser 2008).

History

Main article: Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand)	(α)	(β)	(γ)	(δ)	(ε)	(ζ)	(η)	YCC 2002 (Longhand)	YCC 2005 (Longhand)	YCC 2008 (Longhand)	YCC 2010r (Longhand)	ISOGG 2006	ISOGG 2007	ISOGG 2008	ISOGG 2009	ISOGG 2010	ISOGG 2011	ISOGG 2012
K-M9	26	VIII	1U	25	Eu16	H5	F	K*	K	K	K	-	-	-	-	-	-	-

Research publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC tree.

3

2008 YCC tree

From 2002 to 2008, it was known as Haplogroup K5.

See also

Genetics

3

Y-DNA S subclades

3

Y-DNA backbone tree

Evolutionary tree of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups
	"Y-chromosomal Adam"
		A00	A0-T
			A0	A1
				A1a	A1b
					A1b1		BT
						B	CT
							DE						CF
						D	E		C		F
															F1	F2		F3	GHIJK
																				G	HIJK
																						H	IJK
																							IJ	K
																						I	J		LT		K2
																										L	T		NO	K2b	K2c	K2d		K2e
																													N	O		K2b1	P
																																	M	S		Q	R
Y-DNA by populations Famous Y-DNA haplotypes