1861 in science
From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core
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The year 1861 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
Contents
Astronomy
- May 13 – Comet C/1861 J1 (the "Great Comet of 1861") first observed from Australia by John Tebbutt.
Biology
- Anton de Bary publishes his first work on fungi, describing sexual reproduction in Peronospora.
Chemistry
- March 30 – William Crookes announces his discovery of thallium.
- Rubidium is discovered by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff, in Heidelberg, Germany, in the mineral lepidolite through the use of their spectroscope.[1][2]
- Aleksandr Butlerov is instrumental in creating the theory of chemical structure.[3]
- Josef Loschmidt publishes Chemische Studien, proposing two-dimensional representations for over 300 molecules and recognising variations in atomic size.[4]
- Ernest Solvay develops the Solvay process for the manufacture of soda ash (sodium carbonate).
Earth sciences
- Eduard Suess proposes the former existence of the supercontinent Gondwana.
Medicine and physiology
Broca's area (in red)
- Paul Broca identifies the speeech production center of the brain.
- Franciscus Donders introduces the term visual acuity.
- Guillaume Duchenne describes Duchenne muscular dystrophy.[5]
- Prosper Ménière reports the association of vertigo with inner ear disorders.
- Ádám Politzer publishes the technique of Politzerization used in otorhinolaryngology.
- Ignaz Semmelweis publishes Die Ätiologie, der Begriff und die Prophylaxis des Kindbettfiebers, a treatment of his theory on sanitary conditions during childbirth.
Paleontology
- September – First complete identified skeleton of Archaeopteryx unearthed near Langenaltheim, Germany.[6]
Technology
The first colour photograph by James Clerk Maxwell
- January 1 – First steam-powered carousel recorded, in Bolton, England.[7]
- William Froude publishes the first results of his research into ship hull design.[8]
- Dr. Richard J. Gatling invents the Gatling gun.[9]
- James Clerk Maxwell demonstrates the principle of permanent three-colour photography.[10]
Publications
- Michael Faraday's Royal Institution Christmas Lectures published as The Chemical History of a Candle.
Awards
Births
- February 15 – Alfred North Whitehead (died 1947), English mathematician.
- May 20 – Henry Gantt (died 1919), American project engineer.
- June 9 – Pierre Duhem (died 1916), French philosopher of science.
- July 18 – Kadambini Ganguly (died 1923), Indian physician.
- July 26 – Ægidius Elling (died 1949), Norwegian gas turbine pioneer.
- August 9 – Dorothea Klumpke (died 1942), American astronomer.
- December 17 – Arthur E. Kennelly (died 1939), Irish American electrical engineer.
Deaths
- January 3 – Arnold Adolph Berthold (born 1803), German physiologist.
- May 16 – John Stevens Henslow (born 1796), English botanist.
- June 18 – Eaton Hodgkinson (born 1789), English structural engineer.
- November 10 – Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (born 1805), French zoologist.
- November 13 – Sir John Forbes (born 1787), Scottish-born royal physician.
- December 10 – Thomas Southwood Smith (born 1788), English physician and sanitary reformer.
- Ferdinand Deppe (born 1794), German naturalist, explorer and painter.
References
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- ↑ Natural History Museum (London) BMNH 37001. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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- ↑ "On the rolling of ships." Transactions of the Institution of Naval Architects 2 (1861): pp. 180–227; 3 (1862): pp. 45–62.
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