1936 United States presidential election

For related races, see 1936 United States elections.

1936 United States presidential election

November 3, 1936
531 electoral votes of the Electoral College 266 electoral votes needed to win
Turnout	61.0% 4.1 pp
x200px Nominee Franklin D. Roosevelt Alf Landon Party Democratic Republican Home state New York Kansas Running mate John Nance Garner Frank Knox Electoral vote 523 8 States carried 46 2 Popular vote 27,747,636 16,679,543 Percentage 60.8% 36.5%
Presidential election results map. Blue denotes those won by Roosevelt/Garner, red denotes states won by Landon/Knox. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.
President before election Franklin D. Roosevelt Democratic Elected President Franklin D. Roosevelt Democratic

The 1936 United States presidential election was the 38th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 3, 1936. In the midst of the Great Depression, incumbent Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt defeated Republican Governor Alf Landon of Kansas. Roosevelt won the highest share of the popular and electoral vote since the largely uncontested 1820 election. The sweeping victory consolidated the New Deal Coalition in control of the Fifth Party System.

Roosevelt and Vice President John Nance Garner were re-nominated without opposition. With the backing of party leaders, Landon defeated progressive Senator William Borah at the 1936 Republican National Convention to win his party's presidential nomination. The populist Union Party nominated Congressman William Lemke for president.

The election took place as the Great Depression entered its eighth year. Roosevelt was still working to push the provisions of his New Deal economic policy through Congress and the courts. However, the New Deal policies he had already enacted, such as Social Security and unemployment benefits, had proven to be highly popular with most Americans. Landon, a political moderate, accepted much of the New Deal but criticized it for waste and inefficiency.

Although some political pundits predicted a close race, Roosevelt went on to win the greatest electoral landslide since the beginning of the two-party system in the 1850s. Roosevelt took 60.8% of the popular vote, while Landon won 36.5% and Lemke won just under 2%. Roosevelt carried every state except Maine and Vermont, which together cast eight electoral votes. By winning 523 electoral votes, Roosevelt received 98.49% of the electoral vote total, which remains the highest percentage of the electoral vote won by any candidate since 1820. Roosevelt also won the highest share of the popular vote since 1820, though Lyndon Johnson would later win a slightly higher share of the popular vote in the 1964 United States Presidential Election. Roosevelt won the second highest number of electoral votes to date, while Ronald Reagan won a slightly higher number of votes in the 1984 United States Presidential Election.

Nominations

Democratic Party nomination

Main article: 1936 Democratic National Convention

Democratic Party Ticket, 1936
Franklin D. Roosevelt	John Nance Garner
for President	for Vice President
200x200px	200x200px
32nd President of the United States (1933–1945)	32nd Vice President of the United States (1933–1941)
Campaign

• FDR in 1933 2.jpg

  President Franklin D. Roosevelt

• 

  Henry Skillman Breckinridge of New York,
  former Assistant Secretary of War

Before his assassination, there was a challenge from Louisiana Senator Huey Long. But, due to his untimely death, President Roosevelt faced only one primary opponent other than various favorite sons. Henry Skillman Breckinridge, an anti-New Deal lawyer from New York, filed to run against Roosevelt in four primaries. Breckinridge's challenge of the popularity of the New Deal among Democrats failed miserably. In New Jersey, President Roosevelt did not file for the preference vote and lost that primary to Breckinridge, even though he did receive 19% of the vote on write-ins. Roosevelt's candidates for delegates swept the race in New Jersey and elsewhere. In other primaries, Breckinridge's best showing was 15% in Maryland. Overall, Roosevelt received 93% of the primary vote, compared to 2% for Breckinridge.

The Democratic Party Convention was held in Philadelphia between July 23 and 27. The delegates unanimously re-nominated incumbents President Roosevelt and Vice-President John Nance Garner. At Roosevelt's request, the two-thirds rule, which had given the South a de facto veto power, was repealed.

The balloting

Presidential ballot		Vice-presidential ballot
Franklin D. Roosevelt	1100	John Nance Garner	1100

Republican Party nomination

Main article: 1936 Republican National Convention

Republican Party Ticket, 1936
Alf Landon	Frank Knox
for President	for Vice President
26th Governor of Kansas (1933–1937)	Publisher of the Chicago Daily News (1931–1940)
Campaign

• 

  Governor Alf Landon of Kansas

• 

  Senator William Borah from Idaho

• 

  Publisher Frank Knox from Illinois

Republican primaries by state results

The 1936 Republican National Convention was held in Cleveland, Ohio, between June 9 and 12. Although many candidates sought the Republican nomination, only two, Governor Landon and Senator William Borah from Idaho, were considered to be serious candidates. While favorite sons County Attorney Earl Warren from California, Governor Warren Green of South Dakota, and Stephen A. Day from Ohio won their respective primaries, the seventy-year-old Borah, a well-known progressive and "insurgent," won the Wisconsin, Nebraska, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Oregon primaries, while also performing quite strongly in Knox's Illinois and Green's South Dakota. The party machinery, however, almost uniformly backed Landon, a wealthy businessman and centrist, who won primaries in Massachusetts and New Jersey and dominated in the caucuses and at state party conventions.

With Knox withdrawing to become Landon's selection for vice-president (after the rejection of New Hampshire Governor Styles Bridges) and Day, Green, and Warren releasing their delegates, the tally at the convention was as follows:

• Alf Landon 984
• William Borah 19

Other nominations

Many people, most significantly Democratic National Committee Chairman James Farley, expected Huey Long, the colorful Democratic senator from Louisiana, to run as a third-party candidate with his "Share Our Wealth" program as his platform. Polls made during 1934 and 1935 suggested Long could have won between six and seven million votes, or approximately fifteen percent of the actual number cast in the 1936 election.

However, Long was assassinated in September 1935. Some historians, including Long biographer T. Harry Williams, contend that Long had never, in fact, intended to run for the presidency in 1936. Instead, he had been plotting with Father Charles Coughlin, a Catholic priest and populist talk radio personality, to run someone else on the soon-to-be-formed "Share Our Wealth" Party ticket. According to Williams, the idea was that this candidate would split the left-wing vote with President Roosevelt, thereby electing a Republican president and proving the electoral appeal of Share Our Wealth. Long would then wait four years and run for president as a Democrat in 1940.

Prior to Long's death, leading contenders for the role of the sacrificial 1936 candidate included Idaho Senator William Borah, Montana Senator and running mate of Robert La Follette in 1924 Burton K. Wheeler, and Governor Floyd B. Olson of the Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party. After Long's assassination, however, the two senators lost interest in the idea, while Olson was diagnosed with terminal stomach cancer.

Father Coughlin, who had allied himself with Dr. Francis Townsend, a left-wing political activist who was pushing for the creation of an old-age pension system, and Rev. Gerald L. K. Smith, was eventually forced to run Representative William Lemke (R-North Dakota) as the candidate of the newly created "Union Party". Lemke, who lacked the charisma and national stature of the other potential candidates, fared poorly in the election, barely managing two percent of the vote, and the party was dissolved the following year.

William Dudley Pelley, Chief of the Silver Shirts Legion, ran on the ballot for the Christian Party in Washington State, but won fewer than two thousand votes.

Earl Browder ran for the Communist Party (CPUSA).

Pre-election polling

This election is notable for The Literary Digest poll, which was based on ten million questionnaires mailed to readers and potential readers; 2.27 million were returned. The Literary Digest had correctly predicted the winner of the last 5 elections, and announced in its October 31 issue that Landon would be the winner with 57.1% of the vote and 370 electoral votes.

The cause of this mistake has often been attributed to improper sampling: more Republicans subscribed to the Literary Digest than Democrats, and were thus more likely to vote for Landon than Roosevelt. Indeed, every other poll made at this time predicted Roosevelt would win, although most expected him to garner no more than 360 electoral votes. However, a 1976 article in The American Statistician demonstrates that the actual reason for the error was that the Literary Digest relied on voluntary responses. As the article explains, the 2.27 million "respondents who returned their questionnaires represented only that subset of the population with a relatively intense interest in the subject at hand, and as such constitute in no sense a random sample ... it seems clear that the minority of anti-Roosevelt voters felt more strongly about the election than did the pro-Roosevelt majority." A more detailed study in 1988 showed that both the initial sample and non-response bias were contributing factors, and that the error due to the initial sample taken alone would not have been sufficient to predict the Landon victory.

The magnitude of the error by the Literary Digest (19.6% in the popular vote v Roosevelt) destroyed the magazine's credibility, and it folded within 18 months of the election.

That same year, George Gallup, an advertising executive who had begun a scientific poll, predicted that Roosevelt would win the election based on a quota sample of 50,000 people, while the Literary Digest would incorrectly predict these results.

His correct predictions made public opinion polling a critical element of elections for journalists, and indeed for politicians. The Gallup Poll would become a staple of future presidential elections, and remains one of the most prominent election polling organizations.

Campaign

Election poster in Manchester, NH

Landon proved to be an ineffective campaigner who rarely traveled. Most of the attacks on FDR and Social Security were developed by Republican campaigners rather than Landon himself. In the two months after his nomination he made no campaign appearances. Columnist Westbrook Pegler lampooned, "Considerable mystery surrounds the disappearance of Alfred M. Landon of Topeka, Kansas ... The Missing Persons Bureau has sent out an alarm bulletin bearing Mr. Landon's photograph and other particulars, and anyone having information of his whereabouts is asked to communicate direct with the Republican National Committee."

Landon respected and admired Roosevelt and accepted most of the New Deal but objected that it was hostile to business and involved too much waste and inefficiency. Late in the campaign, Landon accused Roosevelt of corruption – that is, of acquiring so much power that he was subverting the Constitution:

The President spoke truly when he boasted ... "We have built up new instruments of public power." He spoke truly when he said these instruments could provide "shackles for the liberties of the people ... and ... enslavement for the public". These powers were granted with the understanding that they were only temporary. But after the powers had been obtained, and after the emergency was clearly over, we were told that another emergency would be created if the power was given up. In other words, the concentration of power in the hands of the President was not a question of temporary emergency. It was a question of permanent national policy. In my opinion the emergency of 1933 was a mere excuse ... National economic planning—the term used by this Administration to describe its policy—violates the basic ideals of the American system ... The price of economic planning is the loss of economic freedom. And economic freedom and personal liberty go hand in hand.

Results

Election results by county.

  Franklin D. Roosevelt

  Alf Landon

Roosevelt won in a landslide, carrying 46 of the 48 states and bringing in many additional Democratic members of Congress. After Lyndon B. Johnson's 61.1 percent share of the popular vote in 1964, Roosevelt's 60.8 percent is the second-largest percentage in U.S. history since the nearly unopposed election of James Monroe in 1820, and his 98.5% of the electoral vote is the highest in two-party competition. Roosevelt won the largest number of electoral votes ever recorded at that time, so far only surpassed by Ronald Reagan in 1984, when seven more electoral votes were available to contest. Garner won the highest percentage of the electoral vote of any vice president. Landon became the second official major-party candidate since the current system was established to win fewer than ten electoral votes by tying William Howard Taft, who won eight votes in his unsuccessful re-election campaign in 1912. No major-party candidate has won so few electoral votes since this election. The closest anyone has come was Reagan's 1984 opponent Walter Mondale, who won only thirteen electoral votes.

This was the last Democratic landslide in the West. Democrats won every state except Kansas (Landon's home state) by more than 10%. West of the Great Plains States, Roosevelt only lost eight counties. Since 1936, only Richard Nixon in 1972 (winning all but 19 counties) and Ronald Reagan in 1980 (winning all but twenty counties) have even approached such a disproportionate ratio. After 1936, the West rapidly became a Republican stronghold, the only region that has been consistent in the party it supports for such a long time.

Of the 3,095 counties, parishes and independent cities making returns, Roosevelt won in 2,634 (85 percent) while Landon carried 461 (15 percent). Democrats also expanded their majorities in Congress, winning control of over three-quarters of the seats in each house. The election saw the consolidation of the New Deal coalition; while the Democrats lost some of their traditional allies in big business, they were replaced by groups such as organized labor and African Americans, the latter of whom voted Democratic for the first time since the Civil War. Roosevelt lost high income voters, especially businessmen and professionals, but made major gains among the poor and minorities. He won 86 percent of the Jewish vote, 81 percent of the Catholics, 80 percent of union members, 76 percent of Southerners, 76 percent of Blacks in northern cities, and 75 percent of people on relief. Roosevelt carried 102 of the nation's 106 cities with a population of 100,000 or more.

Some political pundits predicted the Republicans, whom many voters blamed for the Great Depression, would soon become an extinct political party. However, the Republicans would make a strong comeback in the 1938 congressional elections and would remain a potent force in Congress, although they were not able to win the presidency again until 1952.

The Electoral College results, in which Landon only won Maine and Vermont, inspired Democratic Party chairman James Farley, who had in fact declared during the campaign that Roosevelt was to lose only these two states, to amend the then-conventional political wisdom of "As Maine goes, so goes the nation" into "As Maine goes, so goes Vermont." Additionally, a prankster posted a sign on Vermont's border with New Hampshire the day after the 1936 election, reading, "You are now leaving the United States." Some of Roosevelt's advisers even joked that America's fiscal woes might be best solved if he offered to sell Vermont and Maine to Canada.

Presidential candidate	Party	Home state	Popular vote		Electoral vote	Running mate
			Count	Pct		Vice-presidential candidate	Home state	Elect. vote
Franklin D. Roosevelt (Incumbent)	Democratic	New York	27,752,648	60.80%	523	John Nance Garner (Incumbent)	Texas	523
Alfred M. Landon	Republican	Kansas	16,681,862	36.54%	8	Frank Knox	Illinois	8
William F. Lemke	Union	North Dakota	892,378	1.95%	0	Thomas C. O'Brien	Massachusetts	0
Norman M. Thomas	Socialist	New York	187,910	0.41%	0	George A. Nelson	Wisconsin	0
Earl R. Browder	Communist	Kansas	79,315	0.17%	0	James W. Ford	New York	0
D. Leigh Colvin	Prohibition	New York	37,646	0.08%	0	Claude A. Watson	California	0
John W. Aiken	Socialist Labor	Connecticut	12,799	0.03%	0	Emil F. Teichert	New York	0
Other			3,141	0.00%	—	Other		—
Total			45,647,699	100%	531			531
Needed to win					266			266

Source (Popular Vote):

Source (Electoral Vote):

Popular vote
Roosevelt			60.80%
Landon			36.54%
Lemke			1.95%
Thomas			0.41%
Others			0.30%

Electoral vote
Roosevelt			98.49%
Landon			1.51%

Geography of results

File:1936 Electoral Map.png

650px

• 

  Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote

Cartographic gallery

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  Presidential election results by county

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  Democratic presidential election results by county

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  Republican presidential election results by county

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  "Other" presidential election results by county

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  American Labor presidential election results by county

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  Cartogram of presidential election results by county

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  Cartogram of Democratic presidential election results by county

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  Cartogram of Republican presidential election results by county

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  Cartogram of "Other" presidential election results by county

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  Cartogram of American Labor presidential election results by county

Results by state

States won by Roosevelt/Garner

States won by Landon/Knox

		Franklin D. Roosevelt Democratic			Alfred Landon Republican			William Lemke Union			Norman Thomas Socialist			Other			Margin		State Total
State	electoral votes	#	%	electoral votes	#	%	electoral votes	#	%	electoral votes	#	%	electoral votes	#	%	electoral votes	#	%	#
Alabama	11	238,136	86.38	11	35,358	12.82	-	551	0.20	-	242	0.09	-	1,397	0.51	-	202,838	73.56	275,244	AL
Arizona	3	86,722	69.85	3	33,433	26.93	-	3,307	2.66	-	317	0.26	-	384	0.31	-	53,289	42.92	124,163	AZ
Arkansas	9	146,765	81.80	9	32,039	17.86	-	4	0.00	-	446	0.25	-	169	0.09	-	114,726	63.94	179,423	AR
California	22	1,766,836	66.95	22	836,431	31.70	-	-	-	-	11,331	0.43	-	24,284	0.92	-	930,405	35.26	2,638,882	CA
Colorado	6	295,021	60.37	6	181,267	37.09	-	9,962	2.04	-	1,593	0.33	-	841	0.17	-	113,754	23.28	488,684	CO
Connecticut	8	382,129	55.32	8	278,685	40.35	-	21,805	3.16	-	5,683	0.82	-	2,421	0.35	-	103,444	14.98	690,723	CT
Delaware	3	69,702	54.62	3	57,236	44.85	-	442	0.35	-	172	0.13	-	51	0.04	-	12,466	9.77	127,603	DE
Florida	7	249,117	76.10	7	78,248	23.90	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	170,869	52.20	327,365	FL
Georgia	12	255,364	87.10	12	36,942	12.60	-	141	0.05	-	68	0.02	-	660	0.23	-	218,422	74.50	293,175	GA
Idaho	4	125,683	62.96	4	66,256	33.19	-	7,678	3.85	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	59,427	29.77	199,617	ID
Illinois	29	2,282,999	57.70	29	1,570,393	39.69	-	89,439	2.26	-	7,530	0.19	-	6,161	0.16	-	712,606	18.01	3,956,522	IL
Indiana	14	934,974	56.63	14	691,570	41.89	-	19,407	1.18	-	3,856	0.23	-	1,090	0.07	-	243,404	14.74	1,650,897	IN
Iowa	11	621,756	54.41	11	487,977	42.70	-	29,687	2.60	-	1,373	0.12	-	1,940	0.17	-	133,779	11.71	1,142,733	IA
Kansas	9	464,520	53.67	9	397,727	45.95	-	497	0.06	-	2,770	0.32	-	-	-	-	66,793	7.72	865,014	KS
Kentucky	11	541,944	58.51	11	369,702	39.92	-	12,501	1.35	-	632	0.07	-	1,424	0.15	-	172,242	18.60	926,203	KY
Louisiana	10	292,894	88.82	10	36,791	11.16	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	93	0.00	-	256,103	77.66	329,778	LA
Maine	5	126,333	41.52	-	168,823	55.49	5	7,581	2.49	-	783	0.26	-	720	0.24	-	-42,490	-13.97	304,240	ME
Maryland	8	389,612	62.35	8	231,435	37.04	-	-	-	-	1,629	0.26	-	2,220	0.36	-	158,177	25.31	624,896	MD
Massachusetts	17	942,716	51.22	17	768,613	41.76	-	118,639	6.45	-	5,111	0.28	-	5,278	0.29	-	174,103	9.46	1,840,357	MA
Michigan	19	1,016,794	56.33	19	699,733	38.76	-	75,795	4.20	-	8,208	0.45	-	4,568	0.25	-	317,061	17.56	1,805,098	MI
Minnesota	11	698,811	61.84	11	350,461	31.01	-	74,296	6.58	-	2,872	0.25	-	3,535	0.31	-	348,350	30.83	1,129,975	MN
Mississippi	9	157,318	97.06	9	4,443	2.74	-	-	-	-	329	0.20	-	-	-	-	152,875	94.31	162,090	MS
Missouri	15	1,111,043	60.76	15	697,891	38.16	-	14,630	0.80	-	3,454	0.19	-	1,617	0.09	-	413,152	22.59	1,828,635	MO
Montana	4	159,690	69.28	4	63,598	27.59	-	5,549	2.41	-	1,066	0.46	-	609	0.26	-	96,092	41.69	230,512	MT
Nebraska	7	347,445	57.14	7	247,731	40.74	-	12,847	2.11	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	99,714	16.40	608,023	NE
Nevada	3	31,925	72.81	3	11,923	27.19	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	20,002	45.62	43,848	NV
New Hampshire	4	108,460	49.73	4	104,642	47.98	-	4,819	2.21	-	-	-	-	193	0.09	-	3,818	1.75	218,114	NH
New Jersey	16	1,083,850	59.54	16	720,322	39.57	-	9,407	0.52	-	3,931	0.22	-	2,927	0.16	-	364,128	19.97	1,820,437	NJ
New Mexico	3	106,037	62.69	3	61,727	36.50	-	924	0.55	-	343	0.20	-	105	0.06	-	44,310	26.20	169,176	NM
New York	47	3,293,222	58.85	47	2,180,670	38.97	-	-	-	-	86,897	1.55	-	35,609	0.64	-	1,112,552	19.88	5,596,398	NY
North Carolina	13	616,141	73.40	13	223,283	26.60	-	2	0.00	-	21	0.00	-	17	0.00	-	392,858	46.80	839,464	NC
North Dakota	4	163,148	59.60	4	72,751	26.58	-	36,708	13.41	-	552	0.20	-	557	0.20	-	90,397	33.03	273,716	ND
Ohio	26	1,747,140	57.99	26	1,127,855	37.44	-	132,212	4.39	-	117	0.00	-	5,265	0.17	-	619,285	20.56	3,012,589	OH
Oklahoma	11	501,069	66.83	11	245,122	32.69	-	-	-	-	2,221	0.30	-	1,328	0.18	-	255,947	34.14	749,740	OK
Oregon	5	266,733	64.42	5	122,706	29.64	-	21,831	5.27	-	2,143	0.52	-	608	0.15	-	144,027	34.79	414,021	OR
Pennsylvania	36	2,353,987	56.88	36	1,690,200	40.84	-	67,468	1.63	-	14,599	0.35	-	12,172	0.29	-	663,787	16.04	4,138,426	PA
Rhode Island	4	165,238	53.10	4	125,031	40.18	-	19,569	6.29	-	-	-	-	1,340	0.43	-	40,207	12.92	311,178	RI
South Carolina	8	113,791	98.57	8	1,646	1.43	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	112,145	97.15	115,437	SC
South Dakota	4	160,137	54.02	4	125,977	42.49	-	10,338	3.49	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	34,160	11.52	296,472	SD
Tennessee	11	328,083	68.85	11	146,520	30.75	-	296	0.06	-	686	0.14	-	953	0.20	-	181,563	38.10	476,538	TN
Texas	23	734,485	87.08	23	103,874	12.31	-	3,281	0.39	-	1,075	0.13	-	767	0.09	-	630,611	74.76	843,482	TX
Utah	4	150,246	69.34	4	64,555	29.79	-	1,121	0.52	-	432	0.20	-	323	0.15	-	85,691	39.55	216,677	UT
Vermont	3	62,124	43.24	-	81,023	56.39	3	-	-	-	-	-	-	542	0.38	-	-18,899	-13.15	143,689	VT
Virginia	11	234,980	70.23	11	98,336	29.39	-	233	0.07	-	313	0.09	-	728	0.22	-	136,644	40.84	334,590	VA
Washington	8	459,579	66.38	8	206,892	29.88	-	17,463	2.52	-	3,496	0.50	-	4,908	0.71	-	252,687	36.50	692,338	WA
West Virginia	8	502,582	60.56	8	325,358	39.20	-	-	-	-	832	0.10	-	1,173	0.14	-	177,224	21.35	829,945	WV
Wisconsin	12	802,984	63.80	12	380,828	30.26	-	60,297	4.79	-	10,626	0.84	-	3,825	0.30	-	422,156	33.54	1,258,560	WI
Wyoming	3	62,624	60.58	3	38,739	37.47	-	1,653	1.60	-	200	0.19	-	166	0.16	-	23,885	23.10	103,382	WY
TOTALS:	531	27,752,648	60.80	523	16,681,862	36.54	8	892,378	1.95	-	187,910	0.41	-	132,901	0.29	-	11,070,786	24.25	45,647,699	US

Close states

Margin of victory less than 5% (4 electoral votes):

1. New Hampshire, 1.75%

Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (29 electoral votes):

1. Kansas, 7.72%
2. Massachusetts, 9.46%
3. Delaware, 9.77%

State Miscellanea

• This was the last election until 1964 in which the Democrats won Indiana, Kansas, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota.
• Roosevelt's landslide remains the last time Democrats won them in two consecutive elections and penultimate occasion Democrats won those last four very solid Republican Plains States.
• Indiana has subsequently been won by the Democrats only in 1964 and 2008.
• This was the only time since the creation of the Republican Party that Indiana voted Democratic in consecutive elections. South Dakota is the only other state to have a similar record.
• This was the last election in which the Democrats won Colorado and Iowa until 1948.
• At the time, this was the closest a Democrat had ever come to winning Vermont (to be topped in 1940, and then again in 1964, 1968, 1976, and every election from 1988 to present).
• 1936 was the last time until 2016 the Democrats won Orange County, California.
• This election remains the last presidential election when a Democratic candidate ever carried Tulsa County, Oklahoma, Allen County, Ohio, Hancock County, Ohio, Douglas County, Nevada, Josephine County, Oregon, Ada County, Idaho, Sioux County, Iowa, Hughes County, South Dakota, Lebanon County, Pennsylvania and over thirty smaller counties in Nebraska and Kansas.
• This was the best score ever received by any Democrat in the four following states: Wisconsin (63.8%), Oregon (64.42%), Washington (66.38%), and Wyoming (60.58%), and the outright best score ever received by any candidate in three states: South Carolina, (98.57%), California (66.95%), and Arizona (69.85%).
• This was the last time Democrats crossed the 70% line in Virginia and Nevada, and the 60% line in Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico.

See also

• History of the United States (1918–1945)
• 1936 United States House of Representatives elections
• 1936 United States Senate elections
• Second inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt
• Earl Browder
• Huey Long

Further reading

• Andersen, Kristi. The Creation of a Democratic Majority: 1928–1936 (1979), statistical
• Brown, Courtney. "Mass dynamics of US presidential competitions, 1928–1936." American Political Science Review 82.4 (1988): 1153-1181. online
• Burns, James MacGregor. Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox (1956)
• Campbell, James E. "Sources of the new deal realignment: The contributions of conversion and mobilization to partisan change." Western Political Quarterly 38.3 (1985): 357-376. online
• Fadely, James Philip. "Editors, Whistle Stops, and Elephants: the Presidential Campaign of 1936 in Indiana." Indiana Magazine of History 1989 85(2): 101–137. ISSN 0019-6673
• Harrell, James A. "Negro Leadership in the Election Year 1936." Journal of Southern History 34.4 (1968): 546-564. online
• Leuchtenburg, William E. "Election of 1936", in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed., A History of American Presidential Elections vol 3 (1971), analysis and primary documents
• McCoy, Donald. Landon of Kansas (1968)
• Nicolaides, Becky M. "Radio Electioneering in the American Presidential Campaigns of 1932 and 1936," Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, June 1988, Vol. 8 Issue 2, pp. 115–138
• Savage, Sean J. "The 1936-1944 Campaigns," in William D. Pederson, ed. A Companion to Franklin D. Roosevelt (2011) pp 96–113 online
• Schlesinger, Jr., Arthur M. The Politics of Upheaval (1960)
• Shover, John L. "The emergence of a two-party system in Republican Philadelphia, 1924-1936." Journal of American History 60.4 (1974): 985-1002. online
• Spencer, Thomas T. "'Labor is with Roosevelt:' The Pennsylvania Labor Non-Partisan League and the Election of 1936." Pennsylvania History 46.1 (1979): 3-16. online

Primary sources

• Communist Party USA, The Communist Election Platform, 1936. New York: Workers Library Publishers, 1936.

External links

• United States presidential election of 1936 at Encyclopædia Britannica
• 1936 popular vote by counties
• How close was the 1936 election? – Michael Sheppard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
• Election of 1936 in Counting the Votes
• University of Penn Math Department Case Study I: The 1936 Literary Digest Poll