Barbareño language

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Barbareño is one of the extinct Chumashan languages, a group of Native American languages, which was spoken in the area of Santa Barbara, California. The closely related Ineseño may have been a dialect of the same language. Barbareño became extinct in 1965 with the death of Mary Yee.[1]

Language revitalization

As of 2013, the Barbareno Chumash Council is engaged in ongoing efforts to revive the language. Two of its members are language apprentices and teachers.[4][5] Wishtoyo Chumash Village, in Malibu, California, announced the opening of its Šmuwič Language School in 2010.[6][7]

The Ineseño community now call their language Samala. In 2008 Richard Applegate compiled a grammar and dictionary of Ineseño based on Harrington's work in the early 1900s with one of the last fluent speakers, Maria Solares.[8] Applegate and Nakia Zavalla, Cultural Director for the Santa Ynez Band of Chumash and a descendant of Solares, have begun an effort to revitalize the language. Applegate began teaching Ineseño in 2003, and Zavalla has started an immersion-based language apprentice program.[9] As of 2008, Applegate had five students, though none had reached fluency.[10]

Phonology

Consonants

Barbareño consonant phonemes
Bilabial Alveolar Postalveolar/
Palatal		 Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal plain m n
glottalized ˀm ˀn
Plosive plain p t k q ʔ
ejective pʼ tʼ kʼ qʼ
aspirated pʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ
Affricate plain t͡s t͡ʃ
ejective t͡sʼ t͡ʃʼ
aspirated t͡sʰ t͡ʃʰ
Fricative plain s ʃ x h
ejective sʼ ʃʼ xʼ
aspirated sʰ ʃʰ
Approximant plain l j w
glottalized ˀl ˀj ˀw

Vowels

Barbareño vowel phonemes
Front Central Back
Close i ɨ u
Open e a o

References

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  • Applegate, Richard. (1972). Ineseño Chumash Grammar. (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley).
  • Beeler, M. S. 1976. Barbareno Chumash: a farrago. In Langdon, Margaret and Silver, Shirley, eds. Hokan Studies: Papers from the 1st Conference on Hokan Languages held in San Diego, California April 23–25, 1970, pp. 251–270. The Hague: Mouton.
  • Wash, Suzanne. (1995). Productive Reduplication in Barbareño Chumash. (Master's thesis, University of California, Santa Barbara; 210 + x pp.)
  • Wash, Suzanne. (2001). Adverbial Clauses in Barbareño Chumash Narrative Discourse. (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Santa Barbara; 569 + xxii pp.)

External links

 This article incorporates public domain material from the National Park Service document "Bringing Back the Samala Chumash Language".[dead link]

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