Cape Wind

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Cape Wind
Cape Wind is located in Massachusetts
Cape Wind
Location of Cape Wind in Massachusetts
Country United States
Location Horseshoe Shoal, Nantucket Sound, Massachusetts
Coordinates Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Status Approved
Owner(s) Cape Wind Associates
Wind farm
Type Offshore
Site area 24 sq mi (62 km2)
Hub height 285 ft (87 m)
Rotor diameter 364 ft (111 m)
Power generation
Make and model Siemens Wind Power
Units planned 130 x 3.6 MW[1]
Website
Cape Wind

The Cape Wind Project is an approved[2][3] offshore wind farm on Horseshoe Shoal in Nantucket Sound off Cape Cod, Massachusetts, United States. The project is proposed by a private developer, Cape Wind Associates, the brainchild of Jim Gordon of Energy Management Inc.[4] The wind farm, an offshore wind energy project in United States coastal waters, is projected to generate 1,500 gigawatt hours of electricity per year derived from wind power.

With National Grid and Northeast Utilities terminating their power purchase agreements in January 2015, making it difficult to obtain financing, the future of the Cape Wind project is in doubt.[5]

The project is expected to cost $2.6 billion. Cape Wind had arranged to borrow $2 billion through The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ (BTMU). Siemens has agreed to supply the turbines for the project.[6] Additionally, some construction began in 2013, thus qualifying the project for the federal production tax credit, which expired at the end of the year.[7]

Plans

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The proposed project covers 24 square miles (62 km2), and would be 4.8 miles (7.7 km) from Mashpee, on the south coast of Cape Cod, and 15.8 miles (25.4 km) from the island town of Nantucket. Cape Wind's developer is Energy Management Inc. (EMI) a New England-based energy company with 35 years of experience in energy conservation and energy development. ESS Group, Inc. of Waltham, Massachusetts, has been the environmental science specialist for the project. Cape Wind is also being assisted by Woods Hole Group, K2 Management, SgurrEnergy, AWS Truepower, and PMSS. Barclays is Cape Wind’s Financial Advisor. The project envisions 130 horizontal-axis wind turbines, each having a hub height of 285 feet (87 m). The blade diameter is 364 feet (111 m), with the lowest blade tip height at 75 feet (23 m) and the top blade tip height at 440 feet (130 m).[8] The turbines would be sited between 4–11 miles offshore depending on the shoreline. At peak generation, the turbines will generate 454 megawatts (MW).[1] The project is expected to produce an average of 170 MW of electricity, about 75% of the average electricity demand for Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard, and Nantucket island combined.[9] It could offset close to a million tons of carbon dioxide every year and should produce enough electricity to offset the consumption of 113 million US gallons (430,000 m3) of oil annually.[10][better source needed]

Currently 45% of the Cape region's electricity comes from the nearby Canal Generating Plant in Sandwich, which burns bunker oil and natural gas.[11][12] The Cape Wind proposal is distinct in that it would directly offset petroleum combustion, unlike most of the United States where electrical power generation from oil is rare and power from coal, natural gas and nuclear is more common.

Additionally, this project would decrease the amount of oil shipped to the Canal Generating Plant; fuel for this plant has been part of two major oil spills. The first was on December 15, 1976, when the tanker Argo Merchant ran aground southeast of Nantucket Island, Massachusetts spilling 7.7 million US gallons (29,000 m3) of oil.[13] The second occurred in April 2003, when a Bouchard Company barge carrying oil for the Mirant Canal Generating Plant ran aground spilling 98,000 US gallons (370,000 L) of oil, which killed 450 birds and shut down 100,000 acres (400 km²) of shell fishing beds.[14]

File:Massachusetts wind resource map 50m 800.jpg
The best wind resources in Massachusetts, by far, are offshore. The Cape Wind site is between Cape Cod to the north and the islands of Nantucket, to the south, and Martha's Vineyard, to the west.

Approval process

Because the proposed turbines are more than 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) from shore, they are subject to federal jurisdiction. However, near-shore infrastructure including roads and power cables make the project subject to state and local jurisdiction as well.[15] All necessary state and local pre-construction approvals were obtained by 2009. Major federal approvals were obtained May 17, 2010, with lease details, and construction and operation permits to be granted as the project proceeds.

State and local approvals

At the state and local level, according to the Boston Globe, Cape Wind needed approval from the Cape Cod Commission; "a Chapter 91 license from the Department of Environmental Protection; a water quality certification from the state DEP; access permits from the Massachusetts Highway Department for work along state highways; a license from the Executive Office of Transportation for a railway crossing; orders of conditions from the Yarmouth and Barnstable Conservation Commissions; and road opening permits from Yarmouth and Barnstable."[16]

On May 11, 2005, the Massachusetts Energy Facilities Siting Board (MEFSB) approved the application to build the wind farm. Opponents appealed the decision and on December 18, 2006 the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court upheld the decision.[17][18]

In March 2007, the project received approval from Ian Bowles, the Massachusetts Secretary of Energy and Environmental Affairs, as required by the Massachusetts Environmental Policy Act (MEPA).[15] In October 2007, the Cape Cod Commission declined to approve Cape Wind without further study of the impact by the developers.[19]

On June 20, 2008, the Barnstable Superior Court dismissed four of five counts against the MEPA certificate that had been filed by opposition groups and the Town of Barnstable. The fifth count was not considered ripe for a ruling since the matter was still pending before a state agency.[20]

On May 22, 2009, the Massachusetts Energy Facilities Siting Board[21][22] issued a "Super Permit" to Cape Wind, overriding the Cape Cod Commission and obviating the need for any further state and local approvals.[23]

On August 31, 2010, the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ruled 4-2 that the state has the power to overrule community opposition and grant the Cape Wind project a suite of local permits it needs to start construction.[24]

On 28 December 2011, a ruling by "the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court gave its blessing to a novel power purchase agreement between Cape Wind and National Grid," as reported by the Boston Globe, and in so doing "the high court unanimously rejected criticisms by wind farm opponents of the state review’s of the agreement, under which National Grid will buy 50 percent of the wind farm’s power."[25]

Federal approvals

At the federal level, Cape Wind originally applied for a permit in 2001 under Section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 with the US Army Corps of Engineers. The Army Corps eventually presented a draft Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). In a public comment period, many Federal agencies, local governments, and community groups found the draft EIS to have deficiencies. Due to passage of the 2005 Energy Bill, the regulatory authority for off-shore energy projects has been transferred from the Army Corps to the Minerals Management Service (MMS) within the Department of the Interior. Whereas Cape Wind had expected to obtain approval quickly from the Army Corps, this transfer of authority to the MMS delayed the project.

The MMS issued a Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) in January 2008, and a Final Environmental Impact Report (FEIR) in January 2009.[26]

On January 4, 2010, U.S. Interior Secretary Ken Salazar called a meeting of principal parties to resolve remaining issues after the National Park Service ruled that Nantucket Sound is eligible to be listed on the National Register of Historic Places because of its cultural and spiritual significance to two Native American tribes. "After several years of review, it is now time to move the Cape Wind proposal to a final decision point. That is why I am gathering the principal parties together next week to consider the findings of the Keeper and to discuss how we might find a common-sense agreement on actions that could be taken to minimize and mitigate Cape Wind’s potential impacts on historic and cultural resources. I am hopeful that an agreement among the parties can be reached by March 1. If an agreement among the parties can’t be reached, I will be prepared to take the steps necessary to bring the permit process to conclusion. The public, the parties, and the permit applicants deserve certainty and resolution."[27]

On March 22, 2010, a hearing was held before the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation. Proponents and opponents of the plan delivered testimony during the hearing. The Council was to deliver their recommendations to Interior Secretary Salazar no later than April 14, 2010.[28]

On April 28, 2010, at a news conference in the Massachusetts Statehouse alongside governor Deval Patrick, a supporter of the project, Secretary Salazar announced "I am approving the Cape Wind project." The Preferred Alternative of Horseshoe Shoal was selected by the Record of Decision.[29][30]

The Federal Aviation Administration cleared the construction of the wind farm on May 17, 2010 after raising concerns the wind turbine structures could cause interference with radar system at nearby Otis Air Force Base. Cape Wind agreed to fix the base's current system to ensure that it would not be affected by the wind farm.[31] On 28 October 2011, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia rejected the FAA's ruling. The court ordered the 'no hazard' determinations vacated and remanded back to the FAA.[32] On August 15, 2012 Cape Wind received again full approval from the FAA. They determined that the wind farm would cause no danger to aircraft operations.[33] However Cape Wind had begun its planning, even without all the federal approval.[34]

The Alliance to Protect Nantucket Sound filed a lawsuit in June 2010, claiming that federal approvals violated the Endangered Species Act, Migratory Bird Treaty Act, and National Environmental Policy Act.[35]

On October 6, 2010, Interior Secretary Salazar announced that a 28-year lease had been signed, which will cost Cape Wind an annual fee of $88,278 before construction, and a 2 to 7 percent variable operating fee during production, based on revenue from selling the energy.[36][37]

On November 22, 2010, a 15-year Power Purchase Agreement between Cape Wind and National Grid was signed for 50% of the electricity, at a price of 18.7¢/kWh,[38] adding $1.50 a month to the electricity bill of an average home.[39]

On January 7, 2011, Cape Wind announced that it had received permits from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.[40]

On April 19, 2011, the Associated Press announced that the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement granted its necessary approval for the project.

In Summer 2011, the Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head (Aquinnah) filed a lawsuit against the federal government for allowing Cape Wind to move forward.[41] Contradicting the Aquinnahs, the Pocasset Wampanoag Tribe had previously expressed support for the project.[42]

Power purchase agreements

Cape Wind has signed a power purchase agreement with National Grid to sell half the project's output (i.e. about 750GW·h per year) for an initial price of 20.7 ¢/kW·h (later reduced to 18.7¢[43]) — a price more than twice current retail rates (though increases in electrical prices in the winter of 2014 narrowed the difference significantly[44]). The deal is subject to approval by the Massachusetts Department of Public Utilities (PUC).[45] In February 2012, NSTAR Utility agreed to a PPA equivalent of 129 MW capacity, a demand from PUC for allowing NSTAR and Northeast Utilities to complete a $4.8 billion merger.[46] The second power purchase agreement with state utility NSTAR for 27.5 percent of the output has also been approved by Massachusetts regulators.[47]

In January 2015, National Grid and Northeast Utilities cited Cape Wind's failure to obtain financing by December 31, 2014 as grounds for termination of their contract. National Grid spokesman Jake Navarro said the company was "disappointed that Cape Wind has been unable to meet its commitments under the contract, resulting in today's termination of the power purchase agreement.[5] According to Cape Wind, the terminations are invalid because of contract provisions that would extend the deadlines.[5] After NStar and National Grid cancelled their contracts with Cape Wind, Cape Wind's leases with Quonset Development Corporation (for a port facility), Falmouth Harbor Marina (for headquarters), and New Bedford Marine Commerce (for staging and construction) have been terminated.[www.capecodtimes.com/article/20150312/NEWS/150319766] [48]

Controversy

The controversy surrounding Cape Wind has been focused on its proposed location in Nantucket Sound.[49] Because Cape Wind is positioning its project as a potential ecotourism destination, it has been criticized for disguising (or greenwashing) its industrial aspects.[50]

Supporters of the project, led by the non-profit grassroots organization Clean Power Now,[51] cite wind's ability to displace oil and gas consumption with clean, locally produced energy and claim the project is the best option for much needed new generating capacity in the region. It would supply 75% of the average electrical needs of Cape Cod and the Islands. The Massachusetts Audubon Society conditionally endorsed the project in March 2006 as safe for birds, but asked for further studies.[52]

Year round and summer residents expressed concerns over the location of the project: some claim that the project will ruin scenic views from people's private property as well as views from public property such as beaches, as the turbines will be only 4.8 miles from the shore[53] and therefore decrease property values, ruining popular areas for yachting, and cause other environmental problems. The Alliance to Protect Nantucket Sound has argued that Nantucket Sound is known worldwide for its wildlife and natural beauty.[54]

Phillip Scudder, owner of the Hy-Line ferry service on Cape Cod, originally opposed the project because he wondered how to navigate around the turbines when going to Martha's Vineyard, but changed its opposition to support due to the economic opportunity to provide "eco-tours."[55]

Walter Cronkite drew attention when he came out against the wind farm; he later changed his opinion.[56] Other opponents have included Senator Ted Kennedy,[57] Sen. John Kerry, former Gov. Mitt Romney, and businessman Bill Koch,[58] who has donated $1.5 million to the Alliance to Protect Nantucket Sound.

Proponents suggest that some of this opposition is motivated in part by ownership of real-estate on Nantucket, Martha's Vineyard or the mainland and that it raises issues of environmental justice. Robert Kennedy, Jr., whose family's Kennedy Compound is within sight of the proposed wind farm, wrote an essay for the New York Times stating his support for wind power in general, but opposing this project.[59] This doesn't represent the view of most Massachusetts citizens: in a 2005 survey, 81% of adults supported the project, 61% of Cape Cod residents supported it, and only 14% of adults oppose it.[60]

In 2012, Congressman Joseph Kennedy III, in a break with others in the Kennedy family, announced his support for the Cape Wind project.[61][62]

A 2007 book by Robert Whitcomb, Vice President and Editorial Page Editor of the Providence Journal, and Wendy Williams argues that the fight over Cape Wind involves a powerful, privileged minority imposing their will on the majority.[63]

In 2014, a judge dismissed the 26th lawsuit against Cape Wind and commented "There comes a point at which the right to litigate can become a vexatious abuse of the democratic process."[64][65]

In January 2015, Ian Bowles, the Massachusetts Energy and Environment head, cited the recent breach of contract from Cape Wind as a reason the development is most likely abandoned, "Presumably, this means the project will not move forward."[5]

2006 election

Cape Wind was an issue in the 2006 election for Governor of Massachusetts. The winner, Democrat Deval Patrick, supported the project; his Republican opponent, former Lieutenant Governor Kerry Healey, opposed it.[66][67]

2012 election

An article by Grist.org on July 17, 2012.[68] explained that Mitt Romney strongly opposed the Cape Wind project beginning in 2006. If elected Romney could have severely impacted the continuation of the project, set to begin building in 2013. William Koch, who largely opposes the Cape Wind project, was also a major contributor to Romney’s Presidential election, donating a record 2 million dollars.[citation needed]

In the 2012 Massachusetts Senate race, Scott Brown, the Republican incumbent, opposed Cape Wind, while his Democratic challenger and the election winner, Elizabeth Warren supported the project.[69]

Movies and TV

In 2003 a documentary film entitled Wind Over Water about the controversy over the Cape Wind Project was released. The film by journalist Ole Tangen Jr. chronicled the debate as it unfolded on the Cape. An independent production, the filmmaker interviewed subjects from both sides of the debate including Jim Gordon, the driving force behind Cape Wind and Isaac Rosen, then director of the Alliance to Protect Nantucket Sound. Focusing also on wind power in general, Wind Over Water features aerial footage of the offshore wind farm at Horns Rev in Denmark and footage from various wind farms in the U.S. On December 6, 2003 the film made its world and Cape Cod premiere at the Lillie Auditorium in Woods Hole.

Satirical news correspondent Jason Jones of The Daily Show has also covered the Cape Wind project.[70]

A feature-length documentary about the Cape Wind project, entitled Cape Spin: An American Power Struggle, had pre-release screenings in the summer of 2011.[71]

Books

Wendy Williams and Robert Whitcomb have recently written a book about the project's history called Cape Wind: Money, Celebrity, Class, Politics and the Battle for Our Energy Future on Nantucket Sound.[72] In an interview, one of the authors states that the fight over Cape Wind is a case of "a very small group of people, with more money than most of us can possibly imagine, who decided from the very beginning [...] that they didn't want it there, it would upset their Martini time."[63]

Public opinion survey results

A 2007 Opinion Research Corporation (ORC) survey of 600 state residents found that 93% Massachusetts residents agree that the state should be "a national leader in using cleaner and renewable energy on a large scale by moving ahead with offshore wind power" and other clean energy initiatives. This statement is supported by 78 percent of those who live on the Cape and on the Islands.[73]

The 2007 ORC survey also found that 84% of Massachusetts residents — including 58% of those who live on the Cape and on the Islands — explicitly support "the proposed Cape Wind offshore wind farm that would involve wind turbines being placed in Nantucket Sound about five and a half miles from the Town of Hyannis." (A June 2006 survey posed the same question and found 81% support statewide and 61% in Cape Cod/the Islands.)[73]

In 2007, 78% of Massachusetts residents surveyed — including 61% of those living on the Cape and on the Islands — support wind as the best energy resource to provide electricity to Cape Cod and the Islands. Statewide, the support for other alternatives was as follows: nuclear (10%); coal (4%); and other (5%).[73]

Clean renewable energy is widely supported over nuclear power in Massachusetts, including on the Cape and on the Islands. Massachusetts residents would prefer to see solar power (91%), more energy conservation (90%), and wind power (89%) used first before resorting to more nuclear power. On the Cape and on the Islands, the views were very similar, with strong support for wind power (75%); conservation (81%); and solar (84%).[73]

2007 survey results were based on telephone interviews conducted among a sample of 600 householders aged 18 and over. Interviewing was completed by Opinion Research Corporation, for the Newton-based Civil Society Institute,[73] during July and August 2007.[73]

During the November 4, 2008 election, 87% of voters in eleven Massachusetts towns on the south shore, near but not on the Cape, voted yes on Question 4, a non-binding question that read:

"Should the state representative from this district be instructed to vote in favor of legislation that would support the development of Cape Wind in Nantucket Sound and other possible future onshore and offshore wind power developments in Massachusetts?"

The measure was voted on by the towns of Braintree, Holbrook, Randolph, Cohasset, Hingham, Hull, Marshfield, Scituate, Hanover, Norwell, and Rockland.[74]

A 2009 poll by the Cape Cod Chamber of Commerce showed 55% of its members oppose the project and 41% supported it.[75]

A 2010 poll by the Boston Globe said 69% of respondents supported Cape Wind, to 20% opposed. Further questions about cost showed that half of respondents said they would not support paying higher prices for the project's electricity. In general, however, many respondents said they would be in favor of paying higher rates if it meant getting electricity from cleaner sources. Forty-two percent said they would be willing to pay more, while 7 percent were unsure.[76]

In 2011, "Earlier this year, the Civil Society Institute commissioned an independent scientific survey of public opinion on Cape Wind that found 81% support in the State of Massachusetts and their sub-sample of Cape and Islands residents also found more support than opposition." The Civil Society Institute is a non profit, and non partisan company based in Newton, Mass.[77]

In 2011 Mass Inc polling group hosted a poll " The 80 percent Challenge: A Survey of Climate Change Opinion and Action in Massachusetts. It’s findings showed "when asked about future energy needs, large majorities said they would like to see more reliance on solar power (87%), wind power (86%), and natural gas (64%) far higher than levels who want to see more coal (21%), oil (14%) or nuclear power (31%)." Further more, "The survey showed, among many factors, strong support for renewable energy, with eight in ten residents willing to pay an extra one dollar, and 60 percent saying they’d pay up to 5 dollars more for renewable energy over traditional sources like oil or coal."[78]

A 2013 survey conducted by the University of New Hampshire Survey Center polled 503 MA residents about the Cape Wind project. More respondents opposed the project than supported it and 50% thought it should be halted. Nearly two-thirds want utilities to buy less expensive power instead of more expensive renewable sources.[79]

Cost

In 2010, the Massachusetts Attorney General's office estimated that Cape Wind would ultimately cost $2.5 billion. Monetary costs of the electricity generated by the project are estimated to be double the 2010 price of traditional fossil fuels.[80]

In 2014, the Republican side of the House voted to block a $150 million loan guarantee for Cape Wind, acknowledging that the block was narrowly targeted. The block may not be effective, as an agreement may be reached before the block comes into place.[81] The project has a $600 million loan guarantee from the Danish export credit agency (their biggest ever) and another $200 million from PensionDanmark, and the combined funding amounted to $1.45 billion.[82]

Other Cape Cod wind projects

According to a report in the Boston Globe, May 24, 2006, Jay M. Cashman, owner of a large construction company that built part of the Big Dig, proposed to build a $750 million wind farm in Buzzards Bay, about 20 miles (32 km) west of the proposed Cape Wind site. The Cashman farm would be closer (2 mi) to shore and would consist of 120 turbines, each 450 feet (140 m) tall. The projected generation capacity is 300 MW. According to the Globe, some opponents of the Cape Wind project have expressed interest in the Cashman plan.[83] In February, 2008, state law was amended removing a prohibition on the construction of electrical generating facilities within ocean sanctuaries.[84]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ Krasny, Ros. Cape Wind, first U.S. offshore wind farm, approved Reuters, 28 April 2010. Retrieved 2 May 2010
  3. ↑ Jackson, Derrick Z. The winds of change The Boston Globe, 1 May 2010. Retrieved 2 May 2010
  4. ↑ (CNN) "The wind man who beat Cape Cod's elite", CNN website, April 29, 2010.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Cape Wind website. Retrieved on 2009-05-12.
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Archived April 1, 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ Favorable Cape Wind Decision Upheld By Supreme Judicial Court (media release), CapeWind.org website, December 18, 2006.
  18. ↑ Nation's First Off-Shore Wind Farm Wins Court Battle, AmericanCityandCounty.com website, December 19, 2006.
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ "Barnstable judge validates Cape Wind's MEPA Certificate", Nantucket Independent, 25 June 2008.
  21. ↑ [1] Archived June 26, 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ Key Wind Farm Permits Approved retrieved 4 June 2009
  24. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. ↑ MMS Cape Wind page report, Minerals Management Service, January 2009.
  27. ↑ Secretary Salazar Initiates Final Review of Cape Wind Proposal
  28. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  29. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  38. ↑ Vaughan, Ashley. Massachusetts OK power deal in another win for offshore wind project CNN, 23 November 2010. Retrieved: 23 November 2010.
  39. ↑ Cassidy, Patrick. Cape Wind wins approval of deal to sell power South Coast Today, 23 November 2010. Retrieved: 23 November 2010.
  40. ↑ Cape Wind Completes Permitting Process
  41. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  42. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  43. ↑ Dotson, Sharryn. Changing Tides in Offshore Wind Power Engineering, 13 October 2010. Retrieved: 14 October 2010.
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  46. ↑ Quilter, James. Cape Wind to proceed after 129MW NStar PPA Windpower Monthly, 16 February 2012. Accessed: 19 February 2012.
  47. ↑ Mass. regulators approve Cape Wind power contract
  48. ↑ Additonally, Cape Wind was suspended by Independent System Operator/New England from participating in New England's wholesale electricity markets. [www.capecodtimes.com/article/20150312/NEWS/150319766]
  49. ↑ Alliance to Protect Nantucket Sound Archived January 6, 2011 at the Wayback Machine
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  57. ↑ Storm Over Mass. Windmill Plan
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  61. ↑ Young Kennedy Breaks with Family Over Cape Wind, The Breakthrough, September 10, 2012.
  62. ↑ Sampson, Zachary. Joseph Kennedy III Breaks from Family's Position, Declares Support for Cape Wind, The Boston Globe, September 1, 2012.
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 Lacey, Stephen. The Saga Behind Cape Wind; Growing Opportunities in the Renewable Energy Sector, RenewableEnergyAccess.com website, August 16, 2007.
  64. ↑ Stearns, Richard G. "CIVIL ACTION NO. 14 - 10148 - RGS" United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts, 2 May 2014. Accessed: 19 July 2014.
  65. ↑ Bindslev, Joachim Claushøj. "New wind for Danish project in the US" (in Danish) EnergiWatch, 6 May 2014. Accessed: 19 July 2014. Archived on 19 July 2014.
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  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 73.2 73.3 73.4 73.5 Survey: Leadership on Cape Wind, Other Clean Energy Solutions to Global Warming Seen as Path to New 'Massachusetts Miracle' Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "sur" defined multiple times with different content
  74. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  75. ↑ Cape Cod Chamber Poll Finds 55% Opposed to Controversial Cape Wind Project
  76. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  77. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.[dead link]
  78. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  79. ↑ http://www.neratepayers.org/support-for-cape-wind-project-has-collapsed-since-2007
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  82. ↑ Johansen, Mathias Ørsborg. "American politicians tease Cape Wind" (in Danish) EnergiWatch, 18 July 2014. Accessed: 19 July 2014. Archived on 19 July 2014.
  83. ↑ Buzzards Bay Wind Farm Proposed, Boston.com website, May 24, 2006.
  84. ↑ Proposed Wind Farms in Buzzards Bay, BuzzardsBay.org website.

Further reading

External links

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