Fractional Orbital Bombardment System

The Fractional Orbital Bombardment System (FOBS) was a Soviet ICBM program in the 1960s that after launch would go into a low Earth orbit and would then de-orbit for an attack. It had no range limit and the orbital flight path would not reveal the target location. This would allow a path to North America over the South Pole, hitting targets from the south, which is the opposite direction from which NORAD early warning systems are oriented.

The Outer Space Treaty of 1967 banned nuclear weapons in Earth orbit. It did not ban the launch systems, so the Soviet Union proceeded to test their FOBS albeit without placing nuclear warheads in orbit.

The Soviets developed three FOBS missiles, with only one entering service:

• The orbital missile 8K69 (also known as R-36orb) was initially deployed in 1968, with the first regiment put on alert in 1969.
• The Global Rocket 1, or GR-1, was cancelled in 1964 due to engine problems.
• The R-46 planned in 1960s, the development never initiated.

The U.S. Defense Support Program early warning satellites, first launched in 1970, enabled the US to detect a FOBS launch.

The SALT II agreement (1979) prohibited the deployment of FOBS systems:

Each Party undertakes not to develop, test, or deploy:

(...)

(c) systems for placing into Earth orbit nuclear weapons or any other kind of weapons of mass destruction, including fractional orbital missiles;

The missile was phased out in January 1983 in compliance with this treaty.

The system shares many similarities with the concept of kinetic bombardment systems, with the exception of the use of a nuclear warhead as opposed to an inert projectile.

See also

• Timeline of Russian innovation

External links

• The Soviet Fractional Orbital Bombardment System Program
• R-36-O / SL-X-? FOBS
• OGCh