Haplogroup R-Z18

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Haplogroup R-Z18 is a haplogroup that includes all men who have the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) designated Z18 in their Y chromosome. Z18, also called S493, is defined to be mutation in which the nucleotide at position 14,991,735[1] along the Y chromosome has mutated from guanine (G) to adenine (A). Z18 was discovered during Phase 3 of the 1000 Genomes Project,[2] and entered on August 16, 2014 into the SNP database dbSNP at the National Center for Biotechnology Information as reference SNP cluster report rs767290651.[3] Haplogroup R-Z18 includes all men who have a male-only line of descent from the first man to be conceived with the Z18 mutation.

R-Z18 is a subclade of haplogroup R-U106, which is one of the major haplogroups in Western Europe. Judging from the distribution of known carriers of Z18, the first carrier of Z18 likely lived in the North Sea basin in Northern Europe. Both R-U106 and R-Z18 have especially high frequencies of occurrence within the male population of the Netherlands and Northern Germany. On the basis of genetic test results reported by men who are positive for Z18, the first carrier of this mutation lived in about 2,187 B.C., with a 90% confidence range of 2,899 B.C. to 1,422 B.C.[4]

Major known subclades of R-Z18 include R-ZP156, R-S11601, R-DF95, R-FGC7637, R-Z2396, R-S6119 and R-Z17.[5] However, the subclade structure of R-Z18 is still changing relatively quickly to reflect new test results contributed by both organized scientific studies as well as amateurs participating in the increasingly popular hobby of genetic genealogy.

See also

Evolutionary tree of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups [χ 1][χ 2]
"Y-chromosomal Adam"
A00 A0-T [χ 3]
A0 A1[χ 4]
A1a A1b
A1b1 BT
B CT
DE CF
D E C F
F1 F2 F3 GHIJK
G HIJK
H IJK
IJ K
I J LT [χ 5]  K2
L T NO [χ 6] K2b [χ 7]   K2c K2d K2e [χ 8]
N O K2b1 [χ 9]    P
M S [χ 10] Q R
  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015. (Access date: 1 February 2015.)
  3. ↑ Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A0'1'2'3'4.
  4. ↑ Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4.
  5. ↑ Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1.
  6. ↑ Haplogroup NO (M214) is also known as Haplogroup K2a (although the present Haplogroup K2e was also previously known as "K2a").
  7. ↑ Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS.
  8. ↑ Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a, also known as Haplogroup NO).
  9. ↑ Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is similar to the former Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure.
  10. ↑ Haplogroup S (S-M230) was previously known as Haplogroup K5.

References

  1. ↑ This position is with respect to human reference genome assembly GRCh37/hg19 released on March 7, 2009 by the Genome Reference Consortium. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/genome/assembly/grc/human/
  2. ↑ 1000 Genomes Project, http://www.1000genomes.org/
  3. ↑ National Center for Biotechnology Information, dbSNP Short Genetic Variations, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/SNP/snp_ref.cgi?rs=767290651
  4. ↑ Based on an analysis of the SNP mutations found in 510 reconstructed partial Y chromosome sequences of known carriers of U106. Seventy-five of those Y-DNA sequences are known carriers of Z18. The analysis was performed by Dr. Iain McDonald and reported to the private R1b1c_U106-S21_Haplogroup Yahoo! Group on Nov 17, 2015. https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/R1b1c_U106-S21/info
  5. ↑ Peter Op den Velde Boots, R-Z18 A North Sea Tribe, http://l257.groenebeverbv.nl/

External links

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