Helenium amarum
| Helenium amarum | |
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| File:Helenium amarum1.jpg | |
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H. amarum
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| Binomial name | |
| Helenium amarum |
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Helenium amarum is a species of annual herb in the daisy family known by the common names yellowdicks, yellow sneezeweed, fiveleaf sneezeweed, and bitter sneezeweed. It is native to much of the south-central United States (Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, New Mexico)[3] and northern Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila),[4] and it is present elsewhere in North America, Australia, and the West Indies as an introduced species.[3][5][6][7]
Helenium amarum is a multibranched bushy erect plant reaching 20 to 70 centimeters (8-28 inches) in height and thickly foliated in narrow to threadlike leaves. The tops of stem branches hold inflorescences of many daisy-like flower heads. Each head has a rounded center of sometimes as many as 250 golden yellow disc florets and a fringe of 8-10 usually lighter yellow ray florets which are reflexed away from the center. The fruit is a tiny achene about a millimeter long. This herb is weedy in some areas.[4]
The plant is somewhat toxic to mammals[8] and insects[9] due to the presence of the lactone tenulin.
- Helenium amarum var. amarum - United States
- Helenium amarum var. badium Waterf. - Oklahoma, Texas, Chihuahua, Coahuila
References
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<references />, or <references group="..." />External links
- Jepson Manual Treatment
- United States Department of Agriculture Plants Profile
- Calphotos Photo gallery, University of California
- photo of herbaruim specimen at Missouri Botanical Garden, collected in Mississippi in 2007
- Illinois Wildflowers
- Go Botany, New England Wildflower Society
- Discover Life
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- ↑ 1.0 1.1 The Plant List, Helenium amarum (Raf.) H.Rock
- ↑ Tropicos, Gaillardia amara Raf.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Flora of North America, Helenium amarum (Rafinesque) H. Rock, 1957. Yellowdicks, fiveleaf sneezeweed
- ↑ Turner, B. L. 2013. The comps of Mexico. A systematic account of the family Asteraceae (chapter 11: tribe Helenieae). Phytologia Memoirs 16: 1–100.
- ↑ Tropicos, specimen listing for Helenium amarum (Raf.) H. Rock
- ↑ Queensland Government, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Bitter weed (Helenium amarum)
- ↑ Ivie, G. W., et al. (1975). Toxicity and milk bittering properties of tenulin, the major sesquiterpene lactone constituent of Helenium amarum (bitter sneezeweed). J Agric Food Chem 23:5 845-9.
- ↑ Arnason, J. T., et al. (1987). Mode of action of the sesquiterpene lactone, tenulin, from Helenium amarum against herbivorous insects. J Nat Prod 50:4 690-5.
