John Backus

This article is about computer scientist. For the physicist, see John Backus (acoustician). For the minister, see John Chester Backus.

John Backus
Dec.1989
Born	(1924-12-03)December 3, 1924 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Died	Ashland, Oregon
Fields	Computer Science
Institutions	IBM
Alma mater	Columbia University (M.S., 1950)
Known for	Speedcoding FORTRAN ALGOL Backus-Naur form Function-level programming
Notable awards	National Medal of Science (1975) ACM Turing Award (1977) Harold Pender Award (1983) Charles Stark Draper Prize (1993) Computer History Museum Fellow (1997)

John Warner Backus (December 3, 1924 – March 17, 2007) was an American computer scientist. He directed the team that invented the first widely used high-level programming language (FORTRAN) and was the inventor of the Backus-Naur form (BNF), a widely used notation to define formal language syntax. He also did research in function-level programming and helped to popularize it.

The IEEE awarded Backus the W.W. McDowell Award in 1967 for the development of FORTRAN. He received the National Medal of Science in 1975, and the 1977 ACM Turing Award “for profound, influential, and lasting contributions to the design of practical high-level programming systems, notably through his work on FORTRAN, and for publication of formal procedures for the specification of programming languages.”

Life and career

Backus was born in Philadelphia and grew up in nearby Wilmington, Delaware. He studied at The Hill School in Pottstown, Pennsylvania, and was apparently not a diligent student. After entering the University of Virginia to study chemistry, he quit and was conscripted into the U.S. Army. He began medical training at Haverford College and, during an internship at a hospital, he was diagnosed with a cranial bone tumor, which was successfully removed; a plate was installed in his head, and he ended medical training after nine months and a subsequent operation to replace the plate with one of his own design.

After moving to New York City he trained initially as a radio technician and became interested in mathematics. He graduated from Columbia University with a master's degree in mathematics in 1949, and joined IBM in 1950. During his first three years, he worked on the Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator (SSEC); his first major project was to write a program to calculate positions of the Moon. In 1953 Backus developed the language Speedcoding, the first high-level language created for an IBM computer, to aid in software development for the IBM 701 computer.

Programming was very difficult at this time, and in 1954 Backus assembled a team to define and develop Fortran for the IBM 704 computer. Fortran was the first high-level programming language to be put to broad use.

Backus made another, critical contribution to early computer science: during the latter part of the 1950s Backus served on the international committees that developed ALGOL 58 and the very influential ALGOL 60, which quickly became the de facto worldwide standard for publishing algorithms. Backus developed the Backus-Naur Form (BNF), in the UNESCO report on ALGOL 58. It was a formal notation able to describe any context-free programming language, and was important in the development of compilers. This contribution helped Backus win the Turing Award.

The Backus Normal Form was discovered independently by John Backus; Pāṇini, a grammarian from India who lived sometime between 4th and 7th century BCE, presented a notation which is equivalent in its power to that of Backus and has many similar properties.

Backus later worked on a "function-level" programming language known as FP which was described in his Turing Award lecture "Can Programming be Liberated from the von Neumann Style?". Sometimes viewed as Backus's apology for creating FORTRAN, this paper did less to garner interest in the FP language than to spark research into functional programming in general. An FP interpreter was distributed with the 4.2BSD Unix operating system. FP was strongly inspired by Kenneth E. Iverson’s APL, even using a non-standard character set. Backus spent the latter part of his career developing FL (from "Function Level"), a successor to FP. FL was an internal IBM research project, and development of the language essentially stopped when the project was finished (only a few papers documenting it remain), but many of the language's innovative, arguably important ideas have now been implemented in versions of the J programming language.

Backus was named an IBM Fellow in 1963, and was awarded a degree honoris causa from the Henri Poincaré University in Nancy (France) in 1989 and a Draper Prize in 1993. He retired in 1991 and died at his home in Ashland, Oregon on March 17, 2007.

Awards and honors

• Named an IBM Fellow (1963)
• Awarded W.W. McDowell Award (1967)
• Received National Medal of Science (1975)
• Awarded ACM Turing Award (1977)
• Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1985)
• Awarded degree honoris causa from the Université Henri Poincaré (1989)
• Awarded Draper Prize (1993)
• Awarded Computer History Museum Fellow Award "for his development of FORTRAN, contributions to computer systems theory and software project management." (1997)
• Asteroid 6830 Johnbackus named in his honor (June 1, 2007) †

External links

• Biography at School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews, Scotland
• Biography at The History of Computing Project
• Can Programming Be Liberated From the von Neumann Style? 1977 Turing Award Lecture
• The FL project
• IBM Archives
• About BNF
• Hall of Fellows Computer History Museum
• Memorial delivered at the 2007 Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation