Limacodidae
| Limacodidae | |
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| File:Apoda limacodes01.jpg | |
| The Festoon, Apoda limacodes | |
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Limacodidae
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Chrysopolominae |
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| Diversity | |
| About 400 genera, 1000 species |
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| Synonyms | |
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Euclidae |
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The Limacodidae or Euclidae are a family of moths in the superfamily Zygaenoidea or the Cossoidea;[1] the placement is in dispute. They are often called slug moths because their caterpillars bear a distinct resemblance to slugs.[2] They are also called cup moths because of the shape of their cocoons.[2]
The larvae are often liberally covered in protective stinging hairs, and are mostly tropical, but occur worldwide, with about 1000 described species and probably many more as yet undescribed species.
Contents
Description
Moths
They are small, hairy moths, with reduced or absent mouthparts and fringed wings. They often perch with their abdomens sticking out at 90° from their thoraces and wings. North American moths are mostly cryptic browns, sometimes marked with white or green, but the hag moth mimics bees.[3]
Pupae
The final instar constructs a silk cocoon and hardens it with calcium oxalate excreted from its Malpighian tubules. Cocoons have a circular escape hatch, formed from a line of weakness in the silk matrix. It is forced open just prior to emergence of the adult.[4]
Caterpillars
The larvae are typically very flattened, and instead of prolegs, they have suckers.[3] The thoracic legs are reduced, but always present, and they move by rolling waves rather than walking with individual prolegs. They even use a lubricant, a kind of liquified silk, to move.[4]
Larvae might be confused with the similarly flattened larvae of lycaenid butterflies, but those caterpillars have prolegs, are always longer than they are wide, and are always densely covered in short or long setae (hair-like bristles). The head is extended during feeding in the lycaenids, but remains covered in the Limacodidae.
Many limacodid larvae are green and fairly smooth (e.g. yellow-shouldered slug), but others have tubercles with urticating hairs and may have bright warning colours. The sting can be quite potent,[5] causing severe pain.
The larval head is concealed under folds.[1] First-instars skeletonize the leaf (avoiding small veins and eating mostly one surface), but later instars eat the whole leaf, usually from the underside.[3] Many species seem to feed on several genera of host plants.[1]
Limacodidae larvae in temperate forests of eastern North America prefer glabrous leaves, presumably because the trichomes of pubescent leaves interfere with their movement.[6]
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Underside of monkey slug, showing the slimy pad in place of prolegs
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Lithacodes.JPG
Larva of the yellow-shouldered slug, showing typical body shape
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Cup moth caterpillar.jpg
Limacodid larva, showing bright colours and presumably stinging setae
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Saddleback (Sibine stimulea).jpg
Sibine stimulea (saddleback caterpillar) larva
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Parasa pastoralis caterpillar.jpg
Larva of Parasa pastoralis
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Stinging rose caterpillars, Parasa indetermina
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Richters wurm.JPG
Limacodid larva
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Limacodidae (Slug moths) caterpillar W IMG 2795.jpg
Limacodid (slug moth) caterpillar
Eggs
Eggs are flattened and thin. They are highly transparent and the larva can be seen developing inside.[3] They may be laid singly or in clusters on leaves.
Ecological importance
Limacodidae (e.g. Latoia viridissima, Parasa lepida, Penthocrates meyrick, Aarodia nana) have caused serious defoliation of palms.[1]
Notable species
- Hag moth or monkey slug, Phobetron pithecium
- Ochre-winged hag moth or yellow-shouldered slug, Lithacodes fasciola
- Spiny oak slug, Euclea delphinii
- Crowned slug, Isa textula
- Skiff moth, Prolimacoides badia
- Nettle caterpillar, Latoia viridissima
- Saddleback caterpillar, Sibine stimulea
References
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External links
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Scoble, MJ. (1992). The Lepidoptera: Form, Function and Diversity. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198540311
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Wagner, DL. (2005). Caterpillars of Eastern North America. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691121437
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Epstein, ME. (1996). "Revision and phylogeny of the limacodid-group families, with evolutionary studies on slug caterpillars (Lepidoptera: Zygaenoidea)." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. No. 582. ISSN 0081-0282
- ↑ Marshall, SA. (2006). Insects: Their natural history and diversity. Firefly Books. ISBN 9781552979006
- ↑ Lill, JT, Marquis, RJ, Forkner, RE, Le Corff, J, Holmberg, N, & Barber, NA. (2006). "Leaf pubescent affects distribution and abundance of generalist slug caterpillars (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae)." Environmental Entomology 35(3): 797-806. ISSN 0046-225X
