List of current monarchs of sovereign states

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Monarchs of various countries:

A monarch is the head of a monarchy, a form of government in which a state is ruled by an individual who normally rules for life or until abdication, and typically inherits the throne by birth.[1] Monarchs may be autocrats (as in all absolute monarchies)[2] or may be ceremonial figureheads, exercising only limited or no reserve powers at all, with actual authority vested in a legislature and/or executive cabinet (as in many constitutional monarchies).[3] In many cases, a monarch will also be linked with a state religion.[4] Most states only have a single monarch at any given time, although a regent may rule when the monarch is a minor, not present, or otherwise incapable of ruling.[5] Cases in which two monarchs rule simultaneously over a single state, as is the current situation in Andorra, are known as coregencies.[6]

A variety of titles are applied in English; for example, "king" and "queen", "prince" and "princess", "emperor" and "empress". Although they will be addressed differently in their local languages, the names and titles in the list below have been styled using the common English equivalent. Roman numerals, used to distinguish related rulers with the same name,[7] have been applied where typical.

In political and sociocultural studies, monarchies are normally associated with hereditary rule; most monarchs, in both historical and contemporary contexts, have been born and raised within a royal family.[6][8] Succession has been defined using a variety of distinct formulae, such as proximity of blood, primogeniture, and agnatic seniority. Some monarchies, however, are not hereditary, and the ruler is instead determined through an elective process; a modern example is the throne of Malaysia.[9] These systems defy the model concept of a monarchy, but are commonly considered as such because they retain certain associative characteristics.[10] Many systems use a combination of hereditary and elective elements, where the election or nomination of a successor is restricted to members of a royal bloodline.[11][12]

Entries below are listed beside their respective dominions, which are organised alphabetically. These monarchs reign as head of state in their respective sovereign states. Monarchs reigning over a constituent division, cultural or traditional polity are listed under constituent monarchs. For a list of former ruling families or abolished thrones, see: former ruling families.

Monarchs by country

Legend

Monarch Since House Type Succession
Description Name of monarch, preceded by title, with link to list of predecessors. Date of assumption of throne; coronation date listed in footnotes. Name of royal family, with information on bloodline. Form of monarchy, with information on role of the monarch within government. Method or pattern of succession, with link to current line of succession.

List

Realm / Kingdom Monarch
(Birth)		 Since Length House Type Heir to the throne Ref.
Principality of Andorra 100px Co-Prince Emmanuel Macron[fn 1]
(b. 1977)		 14 May 2017 Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). N/A Constitutional Ex officio [13][14]
100px Co-Prince Archbishop Joan Enric Vives i Sicília[fn 1]
(b. 1949)		 12 May 2003 Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value).
Antigua and Barbuda 100px Queen Elizabeth II[fn 2]
(b. 1926)		 1 November 1981[fn 3] Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). Windsor[fn 4] Constitutional Charles, Prince of Wales [15][16]
Commonwealth of Australia 6 February 1952 Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). Constitutional [15][17]
Commonwealth of the Bahamas 10 July 1973[fn 3] Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). Constitutional [15][18]
Belize 21 September 1981[fn 3] Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). Constitutional [15][19]
Canada 6 February 1952 Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). Constitutional [15][20]
Grenada 7 February 1974[fn 3] Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). Constitutional [15][21]
Jamaica 6 August 1962[fn 3] Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). Constitutional [15][22]
Realm of New Zealand 6 February 1952 Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). Constitutional [15][23]
Independent State of Papua New Guinea 16 September 1975[fn 5] Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). Constitutional [15][24]
Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis 19 September 1983[fn 3] Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). Constitutional [15][25]
Saint Lucia 22 February 1979[fn 3] Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). Constitutional [15][26]
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 27 October 1979[fn 3] Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). Constitutional [15][27]
Solomon Islands 7 July 1978[fn 3] Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). Constitutional [15][28]
Tuvalu 1 October 1978[fn 3] Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). Constitutional [15][29]
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 6 February 1952[fn 6] Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). Constitutional [15]
Kingdom of Bahrain 100px King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa
(b. 1950)		 6 March 1999[fn 7] Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). Al Khalifa[fn 8] Mixed Salman, Crown Prince of Bahrain [31]
Kingdom of Belgium 100px King Philippe
(b. 1960)		 21 July 2013 Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). Saxe-Coburg and Gotha[fn 4] Constitutional Princess Elisabeth, Duchess of Brabant[fn 9] [36]
Kingdom of Bhutan 100px King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck
(b. 1980)		 14 December 2006[fn 10] Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). Wangchuck Constitutional Jigme Namgyel [38]
Brunei Darussalam 100px Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah
(b. 1946)		 5 October 1967
[dubious – discuss][fn 11]		 Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). Bolkiah Absolute Al-Muhtadee Billah [39]
Kingdom of Cambodia 100px King Norodom Sihamoni
(b. 1953)		 14 October 2004[fn 12] Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). Norodom[fn 13] Constitutional Hereditary and elective[fn 14] [41]
Kingdom of Denmark Drottning Margrethe av Danmark crop.jpg Queen Margrethe II
(b. 1940)		 14 January 1972 Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). Glücksburg[fn 15] Constitutional Frederik, Crown Prince of Denmark [45]
Kingdom of Eswatini King Mswati III 2014.jpg King Mswati III
(b. 1968)		 25 April 1986 Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). Dlamini Absolute Hereditary and elective[fn 16] [48]
Japan 100px Emperor Naruhito[fn 17]
(b. 1960)		 1 May 2019[fn 18] Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). Yamato[fn 19] Constitutional Fumihito, Prince Akishino (Presumptive heir) [54]
Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan 100px King Abdullah II
(b. 1962)		 7 February 1999[fn 20] Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). Hāshim Constitutional Hereditary and elective (presumably Hussein, Crown Prince of Jordan)[fn 21] [57][58]
State of Kuwait 100px Emir Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah
(b. 1937)		 29 September 2020[fn 22] Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). Al Sabah[fn 8] Constitutional Hereditary and elective (presumably Mishal Al-Ahmad)[fn 23] [62]
Kingdom of Lesotho 100px King Letsie III
(b. 1963)		 7 February 1996[fn 24] Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). Moshesh Constitutional Lerotholi Seeiso [63][64]
Principality of Liechtenstein 100px Prince Regnant Hans-Adam II
(b. 1945)		 13 November 1989[fn 25] Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). Liechtenstein Mixed The Hereditary Prince Alois (currently Prince Regent) [65]
Grand Duchy of Luxembourg Henri of Luxembourg (2009).jpg Grand Duke Henri
(b. 1955)		 7 October 2000[fn 26] Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). Luxembourg-Nassau[fn 27] Constitutional Guillaume, Hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg [67]
Malaysia 100px King Abdullah Sultan Ahmad Shah[fn 28]
(b. 1959)		 31 January 2019[fn 29] Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). Bendahara Constitutional Elective[fn 30] [73]
Principality of Monaco 100px Sovereign Prince Albert II
(b. 1958)		 6 April 2005[fn 31] Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). Grimaldi Mixed Jacques, Hereditary Prince of Monaco [77]
Kingdom of Morocco 100px King Mohammed VI
(b. 1963)		 23 July 1999[fn 32] Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). Alawi Constitutional Moulay Hassan, Crown Prince of Morocco [79]
Kingdom of the Netherlands King Willem-Alexander in Hamburg.jpg King Willem-Alexander
(b. 1967)		 30 April 2013 Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). Orange-Nassau[fn 33] Constitutional Catharina-Amalia, Princess of Orange [82]
Kingdom of Norway 100px King Harald V
(b. 1937)		 17 January 1991[fn 34] Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). Glücksburg[fn 15] Constitutional Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway [83]
Sultanate of Oman 100px Sultan Haitham bin Tariq
(b. 1954)		 11 January 2020 Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). Al Said Absolute Hereditary (presumably Theyazin bin Haitham) [84]
State of Qatar 100px Emir Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani
(b. 1980)		 25 June 2013 Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). Al Thani Mixed[85] Abdullah bin Hamad [86]
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 100px King Salman
(b. 1935)		 23 January 2015 Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). Al Saud Absolute Mohammed bin Salman[fn 35] [88]
Kingdom of Spain 100px King Felipe VI
(b. 1968)		 19 June 2014 Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). Borbón-Anjou Constitutional Leonor, Princess of Asturias (Presumptive heir)[fn 36] [90]
Kingdom of Sweden 100px King Carl XVI Gustaf
(b. 1946)		 15 September 1973[fn 37] Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). Bernadotte Constitutional Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden [92]
Kingdom of Thailand 100px King Vajiralongkorn[fn 38]
(b. 1952)		 13 October 2016[fn 39] Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). Chakri Constitutional Dipangkorn Rasmijoti (Presumptive heir) [97]
Kingdom of Tonga 100px King Tupou VI
(b. 1959)		 18 March 2012 Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). Tupou[fn 40] Constitutional Tupoutoʻa ʻUlukalala [99]
United Arab Emirates 100px President Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan
(b. 1961)		 14 May 2022 Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). Al Nahyan[fn 41] Mixed[fn 42] Hereditary and elective (presumably Khaled bin Mohamed Al Nahyan)[fn 43] [103]
Vatican City State 100px Pope Francis[fn 44]
(b. 1936)		 13 March 2013 Lua error in Module:Age at line 846: attempt to call method 'subtract' (a nil value). N/A Absolute theocracy Elective [104]

See also

Notes

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References

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External links

  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Constitution of Malaysia, Art. 32, Sec. 3.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Constitution of Andorra, Ch. 3.
  15. ↑ 15.00 15.01 15.02 15.03 15.04 15.05 15.06 15.07 15.08 15.09 15.10 15.11 15.12 15.13 15.14 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ Constitution of Antigua and Barbuda, Art. 68.
  17. ↑ Constitution of Australia, Art. 61.
  18. ↑ Constitution of the Bahamas, Art. 71.
  19. ↑ Constitution of Belize, Art. 36.
  20. ↑ Constitution of Canada, Art. 9.
  21. ↑ Constitution of Grenada, Art. 57.
  22. ↑ Constitution of Jamaica, Art. 68.
  23. ↑ Constitution Act 1986: Part 1.
  24. ↑ Constitution of Papua New Guinea, Art. 82.
  25. ↑ Constitution of Saint Kitts and Nevis, Art. 51.
  26. ↑ Constitution of Saint Lucia, Art. 59.
  27. ↑ Constitution of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Art. 50.
  28. ↑ Constitution of Solomon Islands, Art. 1.
  29. ↑ Constitution of Tuvalu, Art. 48.
  30. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  32. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  33. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  34. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  35. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  36. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  37. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  38. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  40. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  42. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  43. ↑ Constitution of Cambodia, Art. 14.
  44. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  45. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  46. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  47. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  48. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  49. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  50. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  51. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  52. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  53. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  54. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  55. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  56. ↑ Constitution of Jordan, Art. 28.
  57. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  58. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  59. ↑ Constitution of Kuwait, Art. 4.
  60. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.: "The royal family, Al Sabah, has two branches—Al Jaber and Al Salem—and has traditionally alternated in ruling Kuwait. This tradition, however, has changed following the death of Jaber Al Sabah [1977–2006]."
  61. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.: "The two branches of the Al-Sabah family, the Jabers and the Salems, have traditionally alternated their rule, one providing the emir and the other the crown prince (also serving as prime minister)."
  62. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  64. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  66. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  68. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  69. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  70. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  71. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  73. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  74. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  75. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  76. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  77. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  78. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  79. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  80. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  81. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  82. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  83. ↑ 83.0 83.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  84. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  86. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  87. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "In October 2006, King Abdullah issued a new succession law that amended the 1992 Basic Law and formalized the process by creating the Allegiance Commission. The new law both defines how a king will choose among possible candidates and provides a formal way for developing a consensus to choose the king's successor. The Allegiance Commission will select a king and crown prince upon the death or incapacitation of either. This commission expands the role of the ruling family in the selection process. ... It is composed of some 35 sons and grandsons of the late founder of the Kingdom, Abd al-Aziz al-Saud, who will vote in secret ballots on who could and could not be eligible to be future kings and crown princes."
  88. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  89. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  90. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  91. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  92. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  93. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  94. ↑ 94.0 94.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  95. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  96. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  97. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  98. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  99. ↑ 99.0 99.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  100. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.. "The Al Nahyan ... are a branch of the Al Bu Falah tribe of the Bani Yas confederation, and although they have been a small section of the tribe, the Al Nahyan have traditionally provided the paramount shaykh for the confederation."
  101. ↑ 101.0 101.1 Constitution of the United Arab Emirates, Art. 51 & 54.
  102. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  103. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  104. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.


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