List of sequenced plant genomes
This list of sequenced plant genomes contains plant species known to have publicly available complete genome sequences that have been assembled, annotated and published. Unassembled genomes are not included, nor are organelle only sequences. For all kingdoms, see the list of sequenced genomes.
Contents
Algae
Unicellular photosynthetic eukaryotes.
Organism strain | Clade | Relevance | Genome size | Number of genes predicted | Organization | Year of completion | Assembly status | Links |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cyanophora paradoxa | Glaucophyte | Rutgers University[1] | 2012[1] | |||||
Bathycoccus prasinos BBAN7 | Green algae | Comparative analysis | 15 Mb | Joint Genome Institute | 2012[2] | |||
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii CC-503 cw92 mt+ | Green algae | Model organism | 111 Mb | 17,737 | University of California at Los Angeles[3] | 2007 | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | |
Chlorella variabilis NC64A | Green algae | 2010[4] | ||||||
Coccomyxa subellipsoidea sp. C-169 | Green algae | Model biofuel | Joint Genome Institute | 2007[5] | ||||
Dunaliella salina CCAP19/18 | Green algae | Halophilic, biofuel and beta-carotene production | Joint Genome Institute | Organelle genomes complete,[6] nuclear genome in progress | ||||
Micromonas pusilla CCMP1545 | Green algae | Marine phytoplankton | Joint Genome Institute | 2007[7][8] | ||||
Micromonas pusilla RCC299/NOUM17 | Green algae | Marine phytoplankton | Joint Genome Institute | 2007[8][9] | ||||
Ostreococcus lucimarinus CCE9901 | Green algae | Simple eukaryote, small genome | 13.2 Mb | 7,796 | 2007[10] | |||
Ostreococcus tauri OTH95 | Green algae | Simple eukaryote, small genome | 2006[11] | |||||
Ostreococcus sp. RCC809 | Green algae | 7,773 | Joint Genome Institute | 2008[12] | ||||
Volvox carteri | Green algae | Multicellular alga, model organism | ~131.2 Mb | 14,971 | 2010[13] | |||
Chondrus crispus | Red algae | 105 Mb | 9,606 | Genoscope/Station Biologique de Roscoff | 2013[14] | |||
Cyanidioschyzon merolae Strain:10D | Red algae | Photo-autotrophic | 16.73 Mb | 5,017 | 2004,[15] 2007 [16] | |||
Galdieria sulphuraria | Red algae | Thermo-acidophilic (extremophile) | 13.7 Mb | 6,623 | 2005[17] 2005 [18] 2013 [19] | |||
Porphyridium purpureum | Red algae | 19.7 Mb | 8,355 | 2013 [20] | ||||
Pyropia yezoensis | Red algae | 43 Mb | 10,327 | 2013 [21] | ||||
Ectocarpus siliculosus | Brown algae (Heterokontophyta) | distantly related to plants | Station Biologique de Roscoff | 2010[22] |
Bryophytes
Organism strain | Division | Relevance | Genome size | Number of genes predicted | Organization | Year of completion | Assembly status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Physcomitrella patens ssp. patens str. Gransden 2004 | Bryophytes | Early diverging land plant | 2008[23] |
Higher plants (vascular plants)
Organism strain | Division | Relevance | Genome size | Number of genes predicted | Organization | Year of completion | Assembly status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Selaginella moellendorffii | Lycopodiophyta | Model organism | 2011[24][25] |
Angiosperms
Amborellales
Organism strain | Family | Relevance | Genome size | Number of genes predicted | Organization | Year of completion | Assembly status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amborella trichopoda | Amborellaceae | Basal angiosperm | 2013[26][27] |
Eudicots
Ranunculales
Organism strain | Family | Relevance | Genome size | Number of genes predicted | Organization | Year of completion | Assembly status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aquilegia caerulea | Ranunculaceae | Basal eudicot | Unpublished[28] |
Proteales
Organism strain | Family | Relevance | Genome size | Number of genes predicted | Organization | Year of completion | Assembly status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nelumbo nucifera | Nelumbonaceae | Basal eudicot | 2013[29] |
Caryophylalles
Organism strain | Family | Relevance | Genome size | Number of genes predicted | Organization | Year of completion | Assembly status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beta vulgaris (sugar beet) | Chenopodiaceae | Crop plant | 714–758 Mbp | 27,421 | 2013[30] |
Rosids
Organism strain | Family | Relevance | Genome size | Number of genes predicted | Organization | Year of completion | Assembly status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Betula nana (dwarf birch) | Betulaceae | Arctic shrub | 450 Mbp | QMUL/SBCS | 2013[31] | ||
Aethionema arabicum | Brassicaceae | Comparative analysis of crucifer genomes | 2013[32] | ||||
Arabidopsis lyrata | Brassicaceae | model plant | 2011[33] | ||||
Arabidopsis thaliana Ecotype:Columbia | Brassicaceae | Model plant | 135 Mbp | 2000[34] | |||
Brassica rapa (Chinese cabbage) | Brassicaceae | Assorted crops and model organism | 2011[35] | ||||
Capsella rubella | Brassicaceae | Close relative of Arabidopsis thaliana | 130Mbp | 26,521 | JGI | 2013?[36] 2013[37] | |
Eutrema salsugineum | Brassicaceae | A relative of arabidopsis with high salt tolerance | 240Mbp | 26,351 | JGI | 2013[38] | |
Eutrema parvulum | Brassicaceae | Comparative analysis of crucifer genomes | 2013[32] | ||||
Leavenworthia alabamica | Brassicaceae | Comparative analysis of crucifer genomes | 2013[32] | ||||
Sisymbrium irio | Brassicaceae | Comparative analysis of crucifer genomes | 2013[32] | ||||
Thellungiella parvula | Brassicaceae | A relative of arabidopsis with high salt tolerance | 2011[39] | ||||
Cannabis sativa (hemp) | Cannabaceae | Hemp and marijuana production | ca 820Mbp | 30,074 based on transcriptome assembly and clustering | 2011[40] | Illumina/454
scaffold N50 16.2 Kbp |
|
Carica papaya (papaya) | Caricaceae | Fruit crop | 372Mbp | 28,629 | 2008[41] | contig N50 11kbp
scaffold N50 1Mbp total coverage ~3x (Sanger) 92.1% unigenes mapped 235Mbp anchored (of this 161Mbp also oriented) |
|
Kalanchoe | Crassulaceae | 2013?[42] | |||||
Citrullus lanatus (watermelon) | Cucurbitaceae | Vegetable crop | ca 425Mbp | 23,440 | BGI | 2012[43] | Illumina
coverage 108.6x contig N50 26.38 kbp Scaffold N50 2.38 Mbp genome covered 83.2% ~97% ESTs mapped |
Cucumis melo (Muskmelon) DHL92 | Cucurbitaceae | Vegetable crop | 450Mbp | 27,427 | 2012[44] | 454
13.5x coverage contig N50: 18.1kbp scaffold N50: 4.677 Mbp WGS |
|
Cucumis sativus (cucumber) 'Chinese long' inbred line 9930 | Cucurbitaceae | Vegetable crop | 350 Mbp (Kmer depth) 367 Mbp (flow cytometry) | 26,682 | 2009[45] | contig N50 19.8kbp
scaffold N50 1,140kbp total coverage ~72.2 (Sanger + Ilumina) 96.8% unigenes mapped 72.8% of the genome anchored |
|
Hevea brasiliensis (rubber tree) | Euphorbiaceae | the most economically important member of the genus Hevea | 2013[46] | ||||
Jatropha curcas Palawan | Euphorbiaceae | bio-diesel crop | 2010[47] | ||||
Manihot esculenta (Cassava) | Euphorbiaceae | Humanitarian importance | ~760Mb | 30,666 | JGI | 2012[48] | |
Ricinus communis (Castor bean) | Euphorbiaceae | Oilseed crop | 320Mbp | 31,237 | JCVI | 2010[49] | Sanger coverage~4.6x contig N50 21.1 kbp scaffold N50 496.5kbp |
Cajanus cajan (Pigeon pea) var. Asha | Fabaceae | Model legume | 2012[50][51] | ||||
Arachis duranensis (Peanut) accession V14167 | Fabaceae | Oilseed crop | 2016 | ||||
Cicer arietinum (chickpea) | Fabaceae | filling | 2013[52] | ||||
Cicer arietinum L. (chickpea) | Fabaceae | 2013[53] | |||||
Glycine max (soybean) var. Williams 82 | Fabaceae | Protein and oil crop | 1115Mbp | 46,430 | 2010[54] | Contig N50:189.4kbp
Scaffold N50:47.8Mbp Sanger coverage ~8x WGS 955.1 Mbp assembled |
|
Lotus japonicus (Bird's-foot Trefoil) | Fabaceae | Model legume | 2008[55] | ||||
Medicago truncatula (Barrel Medic) | Fabaceae | Model legume | 2011[56] | ||||
Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean) | Fabaceae | Model bean | 520Mbp | 31,638 | JGI | 2013?[57] | |
Linum usitatissimum (flax) | Linaceae | Crop | ~350Mbp | 43,384 | BGI et al. | 2012 [58] | |
Gossypium raimondii | Malvaceae | One of the putative progenitor species of tetraploid cotton | 2013?[59] | ||||
Theobroma cacao (cocoa tree) | Malvaceae | Flavouring crop | 2010[60][61] | ||||
Theobroma cacao (cocoa tree) cv. Matina 1-6 | Malvaceae | Most widely cultivated cacao type | 2013[62] | ||||
Azadirachta indica (neem) | Meliaceae | Source of number of Terpenoids, including biopesticide azadirachtin, Used in Traditional Medicine | 364 Mbp | ~20000 | GANIT Labs | 2012[63] and 2011[64] | Illumina GAIIx, scaffold N50 of 452028bp, Transcriptome data from Shoot, Root, Leaf, Flower and Seed |
Eucalyptus grandis (Rose gum) | Myrtaceae | Fibre and timber crop | 2011[65] | ||||
Fragaria vesca (wild strawberry) | Rosaceae | Fruit crop | 240Mbp | 34,809 | 2011[66] | scaffold N50: 1.3 Mbp
454/Illumina/solid 39x coverage WGS |
|
Malus domestica (apple) "Golden Delicious" | Rosaceae | Fruit crop | ~742.3Mbp | 57,386 | 2010[67] | contig N50 13.4 (kbp??)
scafold N50 1,542.7 (kbp??) total coverage ~16.9x (Sanger + 454) 71.2% anchored |
|
Prunus amygdalus (almond) | Rosaceae | Fruit crop | 2013?[68] | ||||
Prunus avium (sweet cherry) cv. Stella | Rosaceae | Fruit crop | 2013?[68] | ||||
Prunus mume (Chinese plum or Japanese apricot) | Rosaceae | Fruit crop | 2012[69] | ||||
Prunus persica (peach) | Rosaceae | Fruit crop | 265Mbp | 27,852 | 2013[70] | Sanger coverage:8.47x
WGS ca 99% ESTs mapped 215.9 Mbp in pseudomolecules |
|
Pyrus bretschneideri (ya pear or Chinese white pear) cv. Dangshansuli | Rosaceae | Fruit crop | 2012[71] | ||||
Pyrus communis (European pear) cv. Doyenne du Comice | Rosaceae | Fruit crop | 2013?[68] | ||||
Citrus clementina (Clementine) | Rutaceae | Fruit crop | 2013?[72] | ||||
Citrus sinensis (Sweet orange) | Rutaceae | Fruit crop | 2013?,[72] 2013[73] | ||||
Populus trichocarpa (poplar) | Salicaceae | Carbon sequestration, model tree, timber | 510 Mbp (cytogenetic) 485 Mbp (coverage) | 73,013 [Phytozome] | 2006[74] | Scaffold N50: 19.5 Mbp
Contig N50:552.8 Kbp [phytozome] WGS >=95 % cDNA found |
|
Vitis vinifera (grape) genotype PN40024 | Vitaceae | fruit crop | 2007[75] |
Asterids
Organism strain | Family | Relevance | Genome size | Number of genes predicted | Organization | Year of completion | Assembly status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mimulus guttatus | Scrophulariaceae | model system for studying ecological and evolutionary genetics | ca 430Mbp | 26,718 | JGI | 2013?[76] | Scaffold N50 = 1.1 Mbp
Contig N50 = 45.5 Kbp |
Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) cv. Heinz 1706 | Solanaceae | Food crop | ca 900Mbp | 34,727 | SGN | 2011[77] 2012[78] | Sanger/454/Illumina/Solid
Pseudomolecules spanning 91 scaffolds (760Mbp of which 594Mbp have been oriented ) over 98% ESTs mappable |
Solanum pimpinellifolium (Currant Tomato) | Solanaceae | closest wild relative to tomato | 2012[78] | Illumina
contig N50: 5100bp ~40x coverage |
|||
Solanum tuberosum (potato) | Solanaceae | Food crop | 844 Mbp kmer (856 Mbp) | 39,031 | PGSC | 2011[79] | Sanger/454/Illumina
79.2x coverage contig N50: 31,429bp scaffold N50: 1,318,511bp |
Solanum commersonii (commerson's nightshade) | Solanaceae | Wild potato relative | 838 Mbp kmer (840 Mbp) | 37,662 | UNINA, UMN, UNIVR, Sequentia Biotech, CGR | 2015[80] | Illumina
105x coverage contig N50: 6,506bp scaffold N50: 44,298bp |
Nicotiana benthamiana | Solanaceae | Close relative of tobacco | ca 3Gbp | 2012[81] | Illumina
63x coverage contig N50: 16,480bp scaffold N50:89,778bp >93% unigenes found |
||
Nicotiana sylvestris (Tobacco plant) | Solanaceae | model system for studies of terpenoid production | 2.636Gbp | Philip Morris International | 2013[82] | 94x coverage
scaffold N50: 79.7 kbp 194kbp superscaffolds using physical Nicotiana map |
|
Nicotiana tomentosiformis | Solanaceae | Tobacco progenitor | 2.682 Gb | Philip Morris International | 2013[82] | 146x coverage
scaffold N50: 82.6 kb 166kbp superscaffolds using physical Nicotiana map |
|
Capsicum annuum (Pepper)
(a) cv. CM334 (b) cv. Zunla-1 |
Solanaceae | Food crop | ~3.48 Gbp | (a) 34,903
(b) 35,336 |
(a) 2014[83]
(b) 2014[84] |
N50 contig: (a) 30.0 kb (b) 55.4 kb
N50 scaffold: (a) 2.47 Mb (b) 1.23 Mb |
|
Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum (Chiltepin) | Solanaceae | Progenitor of cultivated pepper | ~3.48 Gbp | 34,476 | 2014[84] | N50 contig: 52.2 kb
N50 scaffold: 0.45 Mb |
|
Petunia | Solanaceae | Economically important flower | 2011[85] | ||||
Utricularia gibba (humped bladderwort) | Lentibulariaceae | model system for studying genome size evolution; a carnivorous plant | 81.87 Mb | 28,494 | LANGEBIO, CINVESTAV | 2013[86] | Scaffold N50: 80.839 Kb |
Monocots
Grasses
Organism strain | Family | Relevance | Genome size | Number of genes predicted | Organization | Year of completion | Assembly status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Setaria italica (Foxtail millet) | Poaceae | Model of C4 metabolism | 2012[87] | ||||
Aegilops tauschii (Tausch's goatgrass) | Poaceae | bread wheat D-genome progenitor | ca 4.36Gb | BGI | 2013[88] | Non-repetitive sequence assembled | |
Brachypodium distachyon (purple false brome) | Poaceae | Model monocot | 2010[89] | ||||
Hordeum vulgare (barley) | Poaceae | Model of ecological adoption | IBSC | 2012[90] | |||
Oryza brachyantha (wild rice) | Poaceae | Disease resistant wild relative of rice | 2013[91] | ||||
Oryza glaberrima (African rice) var CG14 | Poaceae | West-African species of rice | 2010[92] | ||||
Oryza rufipogon (red rice) | Poaceae | Ancestor to Oryza sativa | 406 Mb | 37,071 | SIBS | 2012 [93] | Illumina HiSeq2000
100x coverage |
Oryza sativa (short grain rice) ssp indica | Poaceae | Crop and model cereal | 2002[94] | ||||
Oryza sativa (long grain rice) ssp japonica | Poaceae | Crop and model cereal | 2002[95] | ||||
Panicum virgatum (switchgrass) | Poaceae | biofuel | 2013?[96] | ||||
Phyllostachys edulis (moso bamboo) | Poaceae | 2013[97] | |||||
Sorghum bicolor genotype BTx623 | Poaceae | Crop | ca 730Mbp | 34,496 | 2009[98] | contig N50:195.4kbp
scaffold N50: 62.4Mbp Sanger, 8.5x coverage WGS |
|
Triticum aestivum (bread wheat) | Poaceae | 20% of global nutrition | 2012[99] | Non-repetitive sequence assembled
Roche 454/Illumina WGS |
|||
Triticum urartu | Poaceae | Bread wheat A-genome progenitor | ca 4.94Gb | BGI | 2013[100] | Non-repetitive sequence assembled
Illumina WGS |
|
Zea mays (maize) ssp mays B73 | Poaceae | Cereal crop | 2,300Mbp | 39,656[101] | 2009[102] | contig N50 40kbp
scaffold N50: 76kbp Sanger, 4-6x coverage per BAC |
Other non-grasses
Organism strain | Family | Relevance | Genome size | Number of genes predicted | Organization | Year of completion | Assembly status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Musa acuminata (Banana) | Musaceae | A-genome of modern banana cultivars | 523 Mbp | 36,542 | 2012[103] | N50 contig: 43.1 kb
N50 scaffold: 1.3 Mb |
|
Musa balbisiana (Wild banana) | Musaceae | B-genome of modern banana cultivars | 438 Mbp | 36,638 | 2013[104] | N50 contig: 7.9 kb | |
Phoenix dactylifera (Date palm) | Arecaceae | Woody crop in arid regions | 658 Mbp | 28,800 | 2011[105] | N50 contig: 6.4 kb | |
Elaeis guineensis (African oil palm) | Arecaceae | Oil-bearing crop | ~1800 Mbp | 34,800 | 2013[106] | N50 scaffold: 1.27 Mb | |
Spirodela polyrhiza (Greater duckweed) | Araceae | Aquatic plant | 158 Mbp | 19,623 | 2014[107] | N50 scaffold: 3.76 Mb |
Gymnosperm
Organism strain | Family | Relevance | Genome size | Number of genes predicted | Organization | Year of completion | Assembly status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Picea abies (Norway spruce) | Pinaceae | Timber, tonewood, ornamental such as Christmas tree | 20 Gb | 28,354 | Umeå Plant Science Centre / SciLifeLab, Sweden | 2013[108] | |
Picea glauca (White spruce) | Pinaceae | Timber, Pulp | 20.8 Gb | 56,064 | Institutional Collaboration | 2013[109] | |
Pinus taeda (Loblolly pine) | Pinaceae | Timber | 20.15 Gb | 50,172 | Institutional collaboration | 2014[110][111][112] | N50 scaffold size: 66.9 kbp |
Uncategorised things to add...
the genome from Galdieria sulphuraria has finally been published (Schönknecht, G., W.-H. Chen, et al. (2013). "Gene transfer from bacteria and archaea facilitated evolution of an extremophilic eukaryote." Science 339(6124): 1207-1210.) Genome size is 13.7 MB, and 6623 protein-coding genes were annotated.
Nakamura et al. published the genome sequence for Pyropia yezoensis (Nakamura, Y., N. Sasaki, et al. (2013). "The first symbiont-free genome sequence of marine red alga, Susabi-nori Pyropia yezoensis." PLoS ONE 8(3): e57122.).
Bhattacharya et al. published the genome of Porphyridium purpureum (Bhattacharya, D., D. C. Price, et al. (2013). "Genome of the red alga Porphyridium purpureum." Nature Communications 4.)
Press releases announcing sequencing
Not meeting criteria of the first paragraph of this article in being nearly full sequences with high quality, published, assembled and publicly available. This list includes species where sequences are announced in press releases or websites, but not in a data-rich publication in a refereed Journal with doi.
- Brassica napus, oil plant (2009[113])
- Elaeis guineensis, oil palm (2007[114])
- Corchorus olitorius, fibre plant (2010[115][116][117])
- Fraxinus excelsior, European ash (2013 draft [118][119])
See also
- http://plabipd.de/timeline_view.ep
- http://genomevolution.org/wiki/index.php/Sequenced_plant_genomes
- List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes
- List of sequenced animal genomes
- List of sequenced archaeal genomes
- List of sequenced bacterial genomes
- List of sequenced fungi genomes
- List of sequenced plastomes
- List of sequenced protist genomes
References
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- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Genome Biology | Full text | Gene functionalities and genome structure in Bathycoccus prasinos reflect cellular specializations at the base of the green lineage
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- ↑ Coccomyxa JGI entry
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Micromonas p.C3 JGI entry
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Micromonas p.N3 JGI entry
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- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Info - Ostreococcus RCC809
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- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Galdieria sulphuraria Genome Project at MSU
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- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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- ↑ The genome of melon (Cucumis melo L.)
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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- ↑ Genome Biology | Abstract | The genome sequence of the most widely cultivated cacao type and its use to identify candidate genes regulating pod color
- ↑ BMC Genomics | Full text | A draft of the genome and four transcriptomes of a medicinal and pesticidal angiosperm Azadirachta indica
- ↑ http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/101/12/1553.pdf
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- ↑ The genome of Prunus mume : Nature Communications : Nature Publishing Group
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- ↑ 72.0 72.1 Phytozome v9.1: Citrus clementina
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- ↑ Sol Genomics Network
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- ↑ [1]
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- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Phytozome v9.1: Panicum virgatum
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- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ MaizeSequence 5b.60: Home
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ http://www.research-in-germany.de/coremedia/generator/dachportal/en/07__News_20and_20Events/VDITZ_20-_20News_26Events/Archiv/2009-10-25_2C_20Full_20oilseed_20rape_20genome_20deciphered,sourcePageId=34814.html
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Welcome to the British Ash Tree Genome Project | The British Ash Tree Genome Project -
The School of Biological & Chemical Sciences - ↑ BBC News - Ash genome reveals fungus resistance