Mammoplasia

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Mammoplasia
Breast changes during pregnancy 1.png
It is normal for the breasts to spontaneously enlarge during pregnancy.
Classification and external resources
Specialty Lua error in Module:Wikidata at line 446: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
ICD-10 N62
ICD-9-CM 611.1
Patient UK Mammoplasia
[[[d:Lua error in Module:Wikidata at line 863: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).|edit on Wikidata]]]

Mammoplasia is the normal or spontaneous enlargement of the breasts.[1] Mammoplasia occurs normally during puberty and pregnancy in women, as well as during certain periods of the menstrual cycle (as in premenstrual water retention).[2][3][4] When it occurs in males, it is called gynecomastia and is considered to be pathological.[4] When it occurs in females and is extremely excessive, it is called macromastia (also known as gigantomastia or breast hypertrophy) and is similarly considered to be pathological.[5][6][7] Mammoplasia may be due to breast engorgement, which is temporary enlargement of the breasts caused by the production and storage of breast milk in association with lactation and/or galactorrhea (excessive or inappropriate production of milk).[8] Mastodynia (breast tenderness/pain) frequently co-occurs with mammoplasia.[9][10]

Mammoplasia can be an effect or side effect of various drugs, including estrogens,[2][11] antiandrogens such as spironolactone,[12] cyproterone acetate,[13] bicalutamide,[14][15] and finasteride,[16][17] growth hormone,[18][19] and drugs that elevate prolactin levels such as D2 receptor antagonists like antipsychotics (e.g., risperidone), metoclopramide, and domperidone[20][21] and certain antidepressants like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs).[21][22][23] The risk appears to be less with serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) like venlafaxine.[24] The "atypical" antidepressants mirtazapine and bupropion do not increase prolactin levels (bupropion may actually decrease prolactin levels), and hence there may be no risk with these agents.[20] Other drugs that have been associated with mammoplasia include D-penicillamine, bucillamine, neothetazone (neotizide/thiacetazone), indinavir, ciclosporin, marijuana, and cimetidine.[6][25]

A 1997 study found an association between the SSRIs and mammoplasia in 23 (39%) of its 59 female participants.[24] Studies have also found associations between SSRIs and galactorrhea.[22][26][27][28] These side effects seem to be due to hyperprolactinemia (elevated prolactin levels) induced by these drugs, an effect that appears to be caused by serotonin-mediated inhibition of tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons that inhibit prolactin secretion.[24][26][27] It is noteworthy that the mammoplasia these drugs can cause has been found to be highly correlated with concomitant weight gain (in the 1997 study, 83% of those who experienced weight gain also experienced mammoplasia, while only 30% of those who did not experience weight gain experienced mammoplasia).[24] The mammoplasia associated with SSRIs is reported to be reversible with drug discontinuation.[28] SSRIs have notably been associated with a modestly increased risk of breast cancer.[29] This is in accordance with the fact that higher prolactin levels have been associated with increased breast cancer risk.[30][31]

In puberty induction with hormone replacement therapy (HRT), in HRT for trans women, and in hormonal breast enhancement, mammoplasia may be a desired effect.[32][33]

See also

References

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  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  29. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  30. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  31. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  32. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  33. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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