Marco Polo Bridge

Marco Polo Bridge 卢沟桥
File:Lugouqiao2.jpg
Coordinates	39° 50′ 57″ N, 116° 12′ 47″ E
Locale	Fengtai District, Beijing
Other name(s)	Lugou Bridge
Characteristics
Total length	266.5 m
Width	9.3 m
Number of spans	11
Piers in water	10
History
Construction end	1698

The Marco Polo Bridge or Lugou Bridge (simplified Chinese: 卢沟桥; traditional Chinese: 盧溝橋; pinyin: Lúgōu Qiáo) is a stone bridge located 15 km southwest of Beijing city center in the Fengtai District. It bridges the Yongding River, a major tributary of Hai River. Situated at the eastern end of the bridge is the Wanping Fortress, a historic 17th-century fortress, with the Museum of the War of Chinese People's Resistance Against Japanese Aggression inside.

In recent years, the water of Yongding River has been diverted to different areas of Beijing so often there is no water under the bridge.

History

"Over this river there is a very fine stone bridge, so fine indeed, that it has very few equals in the world." – The Travels of Marco Polo

The original Marco Polo Bridge

Construction of the original bridge on this site commenced in 1189, the final year of Emperor Shizong of Jin's reign and was completed under his successor in 1192. Following damage from the flooding Yongding, the bridge was reconstructed under the Kangxi Emperor of the Qing dynasty in 1698. The Marco Polo Bridge is well-known because it was highly praised by the Venetian traveler Marco Polo during his visit to China in the 13th century (leading the bridge to become known in Europe simply as the Marco Polo Bridge), and for the 20th century Marco Polo Bridge Incident, which marked the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945).

Following the Communist takeover of China in 1949, the bridge was decked in asphalt and carried motor vehicular traffic. The nearby New Marco Polo Bridge (Chinese: 盧溝新橋; pinyin: Lúgōu Xīnqiáo) was completed in 1971 and traffic was eventually moved to it and, later, the Jingshi Expressway during a 1980s restoration of the bridge.

Structure

The Marco Polo Bridge is 266.5 meters (874 ft) in length and in width, supported on 10 piers and 11 segmental arches. Hundreds of artistically unique stone lions from different eras line both sides of the bridge. The most intriguing feature of these beasts is the fact that there are more lions hiding on the head, back or under the belly or on paws of each of the big lions. Investigations to determine the total number of animals have been carried out on several occasions but the results have proved inconsistent, ranging anywhere from 482 to 501. However, record has it that there were originally a total of 627 lions. The posture of each lion varies, as do their ages. Most date from the Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1911) dynasties, some are from the earlier Yuan dynasty (1271–1368); while the few lions dating from as long ago as the Jin dynasty (1115-1234) are now quite rare.

Four ornamental columns each high and a white marble stele stand at the ends of the bridge. One stele, installed on top of a stone tortoise, records the reconstruction of the bridge by the Kangxi Emperor of the Qing dynasty in 1698. The other stele bears calligraphy by the Qianlong Emperor, a grandson of the Kangxi Emperor. It reads "Morning moon over Lugou" (盧溝曉月 Lúgōu xiǎoyuè). For the 800 years since its completion, the bridge has been a well known scenic spot in Beijing.

As well as being famed for its aesthetic features, Marco Polo Bridge is also considered to be an architectural masterpiece. It is built of solid granite, with a large central arch flanked by ten smaller ones. Each of the ten piers is protected by triangular iron pillars that have been installed to prevent damage by flood and ice.

See also

• Marco Polo Bridge Incident
• History of Beijing

External links

• Marco Polo Bridge at Structurae
• Marco Polo Bridge at China.org.cn
• Marco Polo Bridge at Travel China