Ministry of Popular Affairs

From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core
Jump to: navigation, search
Pre-modern Japan
Imperial seal of Japan
Part of a series on the politics and
government of Japan during the
Nara and Heian periods
Chancellor / Chief Minister
 Daijō-daijin
Minister of the Left Sadaijin
Minister of the Right Udaijin
Minister of the Center Naidaijin
Major Counselor Dainagon
Middle Counselor Chūnagon
Minor Counselor Shōnagon
Eight Ministries
Center Nakatsukasa-shō  
Ceremonial Shikibu-shō
Civil Administration Jibu-shō
Popular Affairs Minbu-shō
Military Hyōbu-shō
Justice Gyōbu-shō
Treasury Ōkura-shō
Imperial Household Kunai-shō

The Minbu-shō or Mimbu-shō (Japanese: 民部省?, "Ministry of Popular Affairs")[2] may refer to:

  1. one of the Eight Ministries (八省?) of the Japanese imperial court, established by the Taihō Code of the early 8th century, and continued under the Ritsuryō legal system.[3]
  2. A short-lived ministry during the Meiji period (Aug-Sep 1869, Aug 1870-Sep 1871 ).[4]

Minbu-shō (Ritsuryō)

The ministry, established by the Taihō Code and Ritsuryō laws, was one of the Eight Ministries, in the wing of four ministries reporting to the Controlling Board of the Left (左弁官局 Sabenkankyoku?) out of eight ministries.[5] As the name indicates, this body was concerned with oversight over the affairs of the common people, viewed as taxable producers of goods.[1][6] The ministry maintained various records: the population census sent from the provinces, cadastral (real estate) records, and tax accounting records.[6]

Ministerial authority under Yōrō Code

The Yōrō Code (a revised version of the Taihō Code that created the ministry), stipulates the powers vested in the ministry, under its Official Appointments statute (職員令 Shikiin-ryō?, "Article for the Ministry of Popular Affairs"). There it is stated that :

諸国戸口名籍、賦役、孝義・優復・蠲免、家人奴婢、橋道、津済、渠池、山川、藪沢、諸国田事[7]

"the ministry is responsible for the registers of populations,[lower-alpha 1] the labour tax, family obligations [i.e. exemptions from labour tax in deserving cases, such as that of a son the sole support of aged parents, etc.];servants and slaves [who being unfree and propertyless were untaxable]; bridges and roads, harbours, fences, bays, lakes, mountains, rivers, woods, and swamps etc.; rice lands in all provinces."—Sansom tr.[1]

In the above "all provinces" does not include the capital.[8] The census for the aristocracy who had clan names (uji or kabane) etc. was under the purview of the Jibu-shō (Ministry of Civil Administration). And the ministry was not "directly responsible for the upkeep of roads, bridgees, etc.," but merely kept such records for taxation and tax transportation tracking purposes.[1]

Popular Affairs certificate

The ministry issued order certificates or charters called the minbushō-fu (民部省符 "Popular Affairs certificate"?) to officials and provincial governors (kokushi). The shōen system recognized private ownership of reclaimed rice-paddy lands, but did not automatically confer tax-exemption (as some misleading dictionary definitions suggest). From the early Heian Period, the tax-exempt or leniency status was ratified by the certificate or charter (kanshōfu (官省符?)) issued either by this ministry or the Great Council (daijō-kan) itself. (See kanshōfu-shō (官省符荘?)).[9][lower-alpha 2]

In the Jōgan (貞観?) period (859-877) occurred a breakdown of the Ritsuryō system under the Fujiwara no Yoshifusa regime, with authorities of the ministries absorbed by the Great Council.[10] The decree of Jōgan 4, VII, 27 (August 826)[lower-alpha 3] essentially stripped the ministry of its control over the tax-leniency policy, ordaining that all applications for tax relief would be decided completely by the Great Council of State (daijō-kan), and its ruling delivered directly to the countries by the Great Council's certificate (daijō-kan fu). The ministry still issued certificates for exemptions on the shōen estates, but this was just rubberstamping decisions from above, as before. These changes in the exercise of administration were codified in the Jogan shiki (貞観式 "Procedures of the Jogan Era"?) and later Engishiki.[lower-alpha 4][11] The ministry was thus reduced to processing clerical responsibilities concerning the provinces.

Hierarchy

The Minbu-shō (民部省?) was headed by the minister, whose office was ordinarily filled by a son or close relative of the emperor, of the fourth grade or higher.[1][12][13]

  • Minbu-kyō (民部卿?) - "Minister of Popular Affairs"
aliases: "Chief administrator of the ministry of civil services"[14]
  • Minbu-no-tayū (民部大輔?) - "Senior Assistant Minister of Popular Affairs"
aliases: "Vice-Minister"[1]
  • Minbu-no-shōyū (民部少輔?) - "Junior Assistant Minister of Popular Affairs"[15]
aliases: "Assistant Vice-Minister"[1]
  • Minbu-no-daijō (民部大丞?) (x 2) - "[Senior] Secretaries"[1][16]
  • Minbu-no-shōjō (民部少丞?) (x 2) - "Junior Secretaries"[1]
  • Minbu-dairoku or Minbu-no-dai-sakan (民部大録?) (x 1) - "[Senior] Recorder"[1]
  • Minbu-shōroku or Minbu-no-shō-sakan (民部少録?) (x 3[1]) - "Junior Recorders"[1]

Under the Ministry were two bureaus:

The Shukei-ryō, or Kazue-no-tsukasa (主計寮?), the "Bureau of Computation"[17] or "Bureau of Statistics."[1] was in charge of two forms of taxes, the chō (調 "handicraft tax"?) and the yō (庸corvée?). The yō was a form of conscripted compulsory labor, or more often the goods paid to be exempt from the obligation.

The Shuzei-ryō or Chikara-ryō (主税寮?), the "Tax Bureau,"[1][17] was in charge of the third form of tax, the so (租 "land tax (paid by rice)"?). The three forms of taxes were known as Soyōchō (租庸調?) under the Ritsuryō system.

  • Kazue-no-kami (主計頭?) - "Director"[1]
  • Kazue-no-suke (主計助?) -|"Assistant director"
  • Kazue-no-taijō (主計大允?) - "Secretary"[1]
  • Kazue-no-shōjō (主計少允?) - "Assistant Secretary" [1]
  • Kazue-no-dai-sakan (主計大属?) - "Senior Clerk"[1]
  • Kazue-no-shōzoku (主計少属?) - "Junior Clerk"[1]
  • Sanshi (算師?) (x 2) - "Accountants" [1]
trained mathematicians who calculated tax revenue and expenditures.[6]
  • Chikara-no-kami (主税頭?) - "Director"[1]
The director was in charge of dispensing and receipt from the government granaries. so[1]
  • Chikara-no-suke (主計助?) -|"Assistant director"
  • Chikara-no-taijō (主税大允?) - "Secretary"[1]
  • Chikara-no-shōjō (主税少允?) - "Assistant Secretary" [1]
  • Chikara-no-dai-sakan (主税大属?) - "Senior Clerk"[1]
  • Chikara-no-shōzoku (主税少属?) - "Junior Clerk"[1]
  • Sanshi (算師?) (x 2) - "Accountants" [1]
trained mathematicians who kept tax records.[6]

The Rinin (廩院?) was an ancillary facility to this ministry that stored a portion of the corvée tax (yō of soyōchō) and nenryō shōmai (年料舂米 "yearly assessed polished rice"?), which were distributed during ceremonies and functions.[18][lower-alpha 5]

Personages who held offices

List of translated aliases

literal
semantic
  • Department of Revenue and Census[29]
  • Ministry of Civil Administration[30]
  • Ministry of Civil Services[14]
  • Ministry of Personnel[31]

See also

Explanatory notes

<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

Cite error: Invalid <references> tag; parameter "group" is allowed only.

Use <references />, or <references group="..." />

Citations

<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

Cite error: Invalid <references> tag; parameter "group" is allowed only.

Use <references />, or <references group="..." />

References

Translations of primary sources
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. (Yōrō Code administrative laws and ministerial organization, as preserved in Ryō no Gige, excerpted translation and summary.)
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Secondary sources
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.(organizational chart)
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.; (organizational chart)
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. (tr. of Nihon Odai Ichiran)
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Ury, Marian. (1999). "Chinese Learning and Intellectual Life," The Cambridge history of Japan: Heian Japan. Vol. II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-22353-9
  • Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-04940-5; OCLC 59145842
additional sources used to compile English translated names.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 Sansom 1932, pp. 87–88, vol. IX; Samson does not redundantly print the Japanese 8-fold for each ministry. For the Japanese equivalent, consult pp. 71-77; pp. 77-82; pp.82-83 (overview and first two ministries).
  2. ↑ "Ministry of Popular Affairs"[1]
  3. ↑ Sansom 1978, p. 104
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Organizational chart diagram, Deal 2006, p. 90
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Miller 1979, pp. 124–128
  7. ↑ Heading: "職員令 21 民部省条... 掌.." (Yōrō code text)Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Dettmer 2009, p. 226, note 405
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Entry for "貞観時代 (Jōgan jidai)" in Kadokawa historical dictionary[4]
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.; Originally published 1978 in 『古代史論叢』 2 (中)
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Titsingh 1834, p. 428 Totsomg gives Japanese representation next to each French name of office, but the latter does not correspond well with modern English translations.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki, p. 272.
  15. ↑ Borgen 1994, p. 118; quote: "(Year) 877, Michizane was named junior assistant minister of ceremonial."
  16. ↑ Murase 2001, p. 5; "Senior Secretary in the Bureau of Popular Affairss"
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 McCullough 1999, p. 112
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found., Originally 1984 "民部省廩院について" in 土田直鎮先生還暦記念会編』, Vol. 2(下)
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Royall 2003;Commissioner of Civil Affairs (probably Koremitsu), p.228. Minbu no Taifu = Commissioner of Civil Affairs p.1162
  22. ↑ Nussbaum, p. 210
  23. ↑ Whitehouse 2010, p. 138
  24. ↑ Van Goethem 2008, p. 96 (Popular Affairs minister)
  25. ↑ McCullough & McCullough 1980, pp. 810
  26. ↑ Ooms 2009, p. 112, this source inconsistently use ministry or department for various shō.
  27. ↑ Borgen 1994, p. 117ff
  28. ↑ Versucher 2007, p. 319
  29. ↑ Kawakami 1903, pp. 36–7
  30. ↑ Ministry of Civil Administration, Sheffield.
  31. ↑ Naoki 1993, pp. 234


Cite error: <ref> tags exist for a group named "lower-alpha", but no corresponding <references group="lower-alpha"/> tag was found, or a closing </ref> is missing

Retrieved from "https://infogalactic.com/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Popular_Affairs&oldid=2542833"