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A 3D projection of a 4D Pentachoron performing a simple rotation. Computer graphics includes almost everything on computers that is not text or sound but is normally considered as different from photography. Today almost every computer can do some graphics, and people have come to expect that they will interface with their computer through icons and pictures rather than solely by typing. The term computer graphics has additional meanings: the representation and manipulation of pictorial data by a computer the various technologies used to create and manipulate such pictorial data the images so produced, and a sub-field of computer science which studies methods for digitally synthesizing and manipulating visual content. Today much of our life is affected by computers, and by computer graphics. Whether you see them on television, in newspapers, in weather reports or while at the doctor's surgery, computer images are all around you. A well-chosen graph is able to transform a complex table of numbers into meaningful results. Such graphs are used to illustrate papers, reports, and theses, as well as providing the basis for presentation material in the form of slides and overhead transparencies. A range of tools and facilities are available to enable users to visualise their data, and computer graphics are used in many disciplines. Template:/box-footer Direct illumination and radiosity Radiosity is a global illumination algorithm used in 3D computer graphics rendering. Radiosity is an application of the finite element method to solving the rendering equation for scenes with purely diffuse surfaces. Unlike Monte Carlo algorithms (such as path tracing) which handle all types of light paths, typical radiosity methods only account for paths of the form LD*E, i.e., paths which leave a light source and are reflected diffusely some number of times (possibly zero) before hitting the eye. Radiosity methods were first developed in about 1950 in the engineering field of heat transfer. They were later refined specifically for application to the problem of rendering computer graphics in 1984 by researchers at Cornell University. Find out more... The definition of the SI unit of a kilogram: a platinum-iridium cylinder Image credit: Greg L The most famous model in early computer graphics history, the Utah teapot was 'hit' by accident. Ray-tracing will benefit hugely from the development of quantum computers. 3D modelling is, in some ways, similar to sculpting. CAD is used in almost all modern industrial design. Concepts and principles Image types Techniques and tools Image Digital image Pixel Graphics Computer graphics Design Rendering (computer graphics) 3D projection Shading Flat shading Gouraud shading Phong shading Blinn-Phong shading Surface normal Texture mapping Bitmap texture Procedural texture Texture synthesis * Displacement Mapping Bump mapping Normal mapping Parallax mapping Distance fog Shadows Soft shadows Reflection Illumination model Specular reflection Diffuse reflection Transparency and opacity Translucency Refraction Diffraction Global illumination Ray tracing * Radiosity * See Category:Global illumination algorithms Caustics Depth of field Motion blur Volume rendering Non-photorealistic rendering Animation Motion capture Skeletal animation Crowd simulation Quadtrees and octrees 2D computer graphics Pixel art Dither Vector graphics Illustration Diagram Chart Graph Graph of a function Ideogram Map Pictogram Statistical graphics Technical drawing 3D computer graphics Exploded view 3D models Animation 2D computer graphics Drawing Illustration Scalable Vector Graphics Geometric primitive (2D) Point Line and Line segment Plane Circle and Ellipse Triangle and other Polygons Spline Marching squares 3D computer graphics Geometric primitive (3D) Sphere Cube or Box Toroid Cylinder Pyramid Teapot Solid modeling Wire frame model Catmull–Clark subdivision surface Constructive solid geometry Digital geometry 3D modelling * Mesh generation Marching cubes Marching tetrahedrons Texture mapping 3D rendering * Viewing frustum Bounding volume Non-photorealistic rendering Cel-shaded animation Global illumination * Path Tracing * Volume rendering * 3D display Animation CGI Wireframe model Computer animation Motion capture Skeletal animation Crowd simulation Tools 3D scanning 3D printing 3D computer graphics software Related Image processing Applications Famous people and images Related fields Computational biology Molecular modelling Molecular dynamics DNA * Computational physics Smoothed particle hydrodynamics Computational Magnetohydrodynamics Scientific visualization Digital art * Design Graphic design Information graphics Engineering Computer-aided design * Virtual engineering Data analysis Topological data analysis Education Flight simulator Entertainment Simulation Game Timeline of CGI in films Special effect Visual effects Video games Virtual reality Mathematics Topology Computational geometry Geometry Polyhedron * Knot Theory * Pentachoron * Hypercube * 16-cell * 24-cell * Medicine Tomography Meteorology Numerical weather prediction Technical simulation Fluid dynamics * Finite element analysis * Finite element method * Visualization Creative visualization Data visualization Educational visualization Flow visualization Geovisualization Interactive visualization Mental visualisation Music visualization Product visualization Scientific visualization Software visualization Web design Pioneers in Computational physics John von Neumann Sergei K. Godunov Pioneers in Graphic design Piet Mondrian Henry Cole William Morris Pioneers in Visualization Jacques Bertin Nigel Holmes Michael Maltz Charles Joseph Minard Otto Neurath William Playfair Ben Shneiderman Adolphe Quetelet Edward Tufte Images Utah teapot Cornell Box Stanford Bunny Engineering Computational physics Medicine Graphic designer Artist Game artist Advertising Communicators Typographists Illustrators Image processing Visual culture Cartography Computer graphics Crime mapping Graphic design Imaging science Information science Spatial analysis Visual analytics Visual communication Visual perception Web design * Pages with good images Template:/box-footer ▼ Computer graphics ► 3D computer graphics ► Computer graphics algorithms ► Computer graphic artifacts ► ASCII art ► Color depths ► Computer graphics data structures ► Demo effects ► Graphics hardware ► Image processing ► Computer graphics organizations ► Pointing devices ► Computer graphics professionals ► Shading ► Graphics software ► Graphics standards ► Computer graphic techniques ► Texture filtering ► Texture mapping ► Vector graphics ► Video game graphics What are portals? 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