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Fashion design is the
art of the application of
design and
aesthetics or natural beauty to
clothing and
accessories. The term
fashion refers to a distinctive and often habitual trend in the style with which a person dresses, as well as to prevailing styles in behaviour. Fashion design is influenced by cultural and social latitudes, and has varied over time and place. Fashion designers work in a number of ways in designing clothing and accessories. Some work alone or as part of a team. They attempt to satisfy consumer desire for aesthetically designed clothing; and, because of the time required to bring a garment onto the market, must at times
anticipate changing consumer tastes.
Fashion design is generally considered to have started in the 19th century with Charles Frederick Worth who was the first designer to have his label sewn into the garments that he created. Before the former draper set up his maison couture (fashion house) in Paris, clothing design and creation was handled by largely anonymous seamstresses, and high fashion descended from that worn at royal courts. Worth's success was such that he was able to dictate to his customers what they should wear, instead of following their lead as earlier dressmakers had done. The term couturier was in fact first created in order to describe him. While all articles of clothing from any time period are studied by academics as costume design, only clothing created after 1858 could be considered as fashion design.
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Body piercing, a form of
body modification, is the practice of puncturing or cutting a part of the human body, creating an opening in which jewelery may be worn. The word piercing can refer to the act or practice of body piercing, or to an opening in the body created by this act or practice. Although the history of body piercing is obscured by popular misinformation and by a lack of scholarly reference, ample evidence exists to document that it has been practiced in various forms by both sexes since ancient times throughout the world.
Ear piercing and
nose piercing have been particularly widespread and are well represented in historical records and among
grave goods. The oldest
mummified remains ever discovered were sporting
earrings, attesting to the existence of the practice more than 5,000 years ago. Nose piercing is documented as far back as 1500 BC. Piercings of these types have been documented globally, while
lip and
tongue piercings were historically found in African and American tribal cultures.
Nipple and
genital piercing have also been practiced by various cultures, with nipple piercing dating back at least to
Ancient Rome while genital piercing is described in
Ancient India c. 320 to 550 CE. The history of
navel piercing is less clear. The practice of body piercing has waxed and waned in
Western culture, but it has experienced an increase of popularity since
World War II, with sites other than the ears gaining subcultural popularity in the 1970s and spreading to mainstream in the 1990s.
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Ukrainian fashion model Nataliya Gotsiy modeling for Cynthia Rowley, Spring 2007 New York Fashion Week. She was the winner of the Ford Supermodel of the World 2004 search. She has appeared on the cover of French Elle and Italian Marie Claire and modeled for Behnaz Sarafpour, Christian Lacroix, Diane von Fürstenberg, Dior, Dolce & Gabbana, Dries van Noten, Gucci, Oscar de la Renta, Valentino, and Vivienne Westwood, among others.
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Lily Luahana Cole (born c. 27 December 1987) is an English model and actress. Her modelling career was launched by a chance encounter with
Benjamin Hart in
Soho when she was 14 years old. She was booked for her first
British Vogue cover at age 16, and has worked with many well-known brands, including
Vogue worldwide,
Alexander McQueen,
Chanel,
Louis Vuitton,
Jean Paul Gaultier,
Marc Jacobs,
Prada,
De Beers and
Moschino. Other clients include
Numero,
Christian Lacroix,
Hermès,
Galliano, Jean Paul Gaultier and Marc Jacobs. Advertising campaigns include
Longchamp,
Anna Sui and
Cacharel. She has a cosmetics contract with beauty brand
Rimmel London and can be seen in TVC and print advertising as part of her work with them, attracting controversy in 2008 by appearing naked in a pictorial for
Playboy's French edition. After several minor acting roles, starting with
St Trinian's in 2007, Cole's first leading role was as Valentina in the 2009 film
The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus. Her other film work includes
Passages, a short directed by
Shekhar Kapur and
There Be Dragons, directed by
Roland Joffé. In June 2011, she was awarded a
Double First in
History of Art at the
University of Cambridge.
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