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Infrastructure Portal

Welcome to Wikipedia's infrastructure portal, your gateway to the subject of infrastructure and its monumental importance for everyday society and the economy.

State Street Bridge on the Chicago River in Chicago, Illinois.

Infrastructure generally refers to the basic physical structures and facilities, often government-owned, needed for the effective operation of a society or economy. They include the critical assets that are essential to enable, sustain, or enhance societal living conditions. More specifically, infrastructure facilitates the production of goods and services, the distribution of finished products to markets, and provision of basic social services such as schools and hospitals. Public works and public capital are common terms for government-owned infrastructure. Examples of such infrastructure assets and facilities include the following:

• transportation systems (highways, airports, railways, ports, inland shipping);
• electricity generation, transmission and distribution;
• water supply (drinking water, wastewater, sewage);
• water structures (bridges, dams, levees, canals);
• gas and oil production, transport and distribution;
• home heating including natural gas, fuel oil, propane;
• telecommunication, satellite, and broadband;
• waste management (solid waste, hazardous waste, landfill);
• agriculture, food production and distribution;
• public buildings and services including public health, hospitals, schools, libraries;
• local services (police, fire protection);
• recreation facilities including museums, parks, beaches, civic centers;

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Containers waiting at the South Korean port of Busan.

Containerization is a system of freight transport based on a range of steel intermodal containers (also 'shipping containers', 'ISO containers' etc). Containers are built to standardised dimensions, and can be loaded and unloaded, stacked, transported efficiently over long distances, and transferred from one mode of transport to another—container ships, rail and semi-trailer trucks—without being opened. The system was developed after World War II, led to greatly reduced transport costs, and supported a vast increase in international trade.

Containerization has its origins in early coal mining regions in England from the late 18th century on. In 1795 Bejamin Outram opened the Little Eaton Gangway upon which coal was carried in wagons built at his Butterley Ironworks. The horse-drawn wheeled wagons on the Gangway took the form of containers, which, loaded with coal, could be transhipped from canal barges on the Derby Canal which Outram had also promoted. By the 1830s, railroads on several continents were carrying containers that could be transferred to other modes of transport. The Liverpool and Manchester Railway in the United Kingdom was one such. "Simple rectangular timber boxes, four to a wagon, they were used to convey coal from the Lancashire collieries to Liverpool, where they were transferred to horse drawn carts by crane." From 1926 to 1947 in the US, the Chicago North Shore and Milwaukee Railway carried motor carrier vehicles and shippers' vehicles loaded on flatcars between Milwaukee, Wisconsin and Chicago, Illinois. Beginning in 1929, Seatrain Lines carried railroad boxcars on its sea vessels to transport goods between New York and Cuba. Toward the end of World War II, the United States Army used specialized containers to speed the loading and unloading of transport ships.

In 1955 former trucking company owner Malcom McLean worked with engineer Keith Tantlinger to develop the modern intermodal container. The challenge was to design a shipping container which could efficiently be loaded onto ships and held securely. The result was a 8 feet (2.4 m) tall by 8 ft (2.4 m) wide box in 10 ft (3.0 m)-long units constructed from 25 mm (0.98 in) thick corrugated steel. The design incorporated a twist-lock mechanism atop each of the four corners, allowing the container to be easily secured and lifted using cranes. Helping McLean make the successful design, Tantlinger convinced McLean to give the patented designs to the industry; this began international standardization of shipping containers. As of 2009 approximately 90% of non-bulk cargo worldwide were moved by containers stacked on transport ships.

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Kansai International Airport, an artificial island in the middle of Osaka Bay, Japan

File:LifeCycleDiagram.pdf Graphical phases in the life cycle of a facility

File:Private Vs Public Provision in Infrastructure.pdf Public Vs. Private Provision

File:InfrastructureSystems.pdf Infrastructure Systems

Cash Flow

Henry Conybeare (23 February 1823 – c.1884) was an English civil engineer and Gothic revival architect who designed two notable churches and greatly improved the supply of drinking water to Mumbai. He qualified as an engineer and moved to India while still in his twenties to work on the Bombay Great Eastern Railway project. In 1852, Conybeare produced an influential report to the Bombay Board of Conservancy entitled "Report on the Sanitary State and Sanitary Requirements of Bombay". He became Superintendent of Repairs for Bombay, where his plans for a water-supply scheme were accepted in 1855. The Vihar Lake supplied the first piped water to the city in 1860, and its water-works are still in use today.

Conybeare's work during his later years in Great Britain included:

Cefn Coed Viaduct

• 1860: Work on the Chard and Taunton Railway scheme. Powers to build it were granted by an Act of Parliament in 1861, but nothing was built until the Bristol and Exeter Railway took over the powers and opened the line in September 1866.
• 1860s: Engineer to the West Cork Railway and the Cork & Kinsale Railway during the 1860s. He also designed the railway hotel at Kinsale, but it was never finished.
• 1861: Work on the Brecon and Llandovery Railway
• 1861-2: Work for the Llanelli Railway & Dock Company
• 1863: Work on enlarging the Talyllyn tunnel near Talyllyn Junction, for the Brecon and Merthyr Railway. It had originally been opened as part of the Hay Railway in 1916.
• 1864: Deposited plans for a Southampton and Isle of Wight Railway, intended to pass near Beaulieu Abbey to the Solent. Nothing came of this.
• 1864: With others, engaged by the Sheffield authorities to investigate the Great Sheffield Flood, caused by the breaching of the newly built Dale Dike Reservoir.
• 1866: With Alexander Sutherland, built the Cefn Coed Viaduct, a Grade II* listed building and the third largest viaduct in Wales. It carried the Brecon and Merthyr Railway (now part of the Taff Trail), across the River Taff at Pontycapel, near Cefn-coed-y-cymmer. Sutherland was a friend of Robert Thompson Crawshay of the nearby Cyfarthfa Ironworks, and the viaduct was built on a curve to satisfy conditions laid down by the Crawshay Estate.

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• WikiProject Airports
• WikiProject Civil engineering
• WikiProject Dams
• WikiProject Energy
• WikiProject Engineering
• WikiProject Environment
• WikiProject Geographic Information System
• WikiProject Technology
• WikiProject Telecommunications
• WikiProject Trains
• WikiProject Transport
• WikiProject Water and Sanitation

• Automated air traffic control
• CitiStat
• Concrete recycling
• IBM Maximo Asset Management
• Hybrid vehicles
• Integrated ticketing
• Magnetic levitation trains (Maglev)
• Membrane bioreactor
• Mobile data terminals
• Nondestructive testing
• Pumped-storage hydroelectricity
• Recycled asphalt
• Reverse osmosis
• Smart grid
• Photovoltaic cells
• Waste to energy

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Aviation	Bridges	Business and Economics

Cars	Energy	Engineering

Nautical	Roads	Technology

Trains	Transport	Water

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• ... over 600 wireless sensors have been installed on South Korea's Jindo Bridge to monitor crack and corrosion?
• ... the Irish wind farm company, Airtricity, and the Swiss electrical engineering giant, ABB, are in the plans to construct an undersea supergrid of HVDC lines connecting the Baltic Sea to Spain?
• ... the Moscow subway system, the second most heavily used system in the world, opened three stations in 2008, three stations in 2009, and two stations in 2010, with more plans to come?
• ... the Channel Tunnel, connecting England and France, was first proposed and attempted in the 1800s?
• ... that the GPS, Internet, and jet propulsion originated as military technology?
• ... work for on the California high-speed rail system began in the 1990s when in 1993, the state legislature created the California High Speed Rail Commission?
• ... the fuel cell came from space flight technology and gas turbines from jet aircraft technology?
• ... the World Bank declared broadband infrastructure as a no-regets investment, where any contribution of it yields benefits?

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• Build-operate-transfer (BOT)
• Build-own-operate (BOO)
• Build-own-operate-transfer (BOOT)
• Construction management (CM)
• Design-bid-build (DBB)
• Design-build (DB)
• Design-build-finance-operate (DBFO)
• Design-build-operate (DBO)
• Design-build-operate-maintain (DBOM)
• Fast-track (FT)
• Parallel Prime (PP)
• Project Delivery Method (PD)
• Turnkey (TKY)
• Turnkey with finance (Super-TKY)

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• Cost-benefit analysis

$\scriptstyle ratio = \frac{PV(B_2) - PV(B_1)}{PV(C_2) - PV(C_1)}$

• Equivalent annual cost

$\scriptstyle EAC = \frac{NPV}{A_{t,r}}$

• Future Worth

$\scriptstyle FV = PV \cdot (1+i)^n$

• Internal rate of return

$\scriptstyle NPV = \sum_{n=0}^{N} \frac{C_n}{(1+r)^{n}} = 0$

• Present Worth

$\scriptstyle \mathrm{PV} = \frac{FV}{(1 + i)^n} \,$

• Return on investment

$\scriptstyle ROI = \frac {Profit}{Investment}\$

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Template:/box-header Critical Infrastructure • Bridge • Broadband • Brownfields • Dams • Emergency service • Floodgate • Hazardous waste • Hospital • Incineration • Landfill • Levee • Park • Public health • Public housing • Public utility • Public school • Port • Recycling • Solid waste • Telecommunications • Tunnel • Waste management

Electrical Infrastructure • Alternating current • Battery • Direct current • Demand response • Deregulation • Distribution • Electrical grid • Generation • Independent Power Producer • Load management • Natural monopoly • Power outage • Power plant • Regional transmission organization • Smart Grid • Substation • Transformer • Transmission system operator • Transmission

Energy Infrastructure • Biofuel • Carbon footprint • Coal production • Energy efficiency • Energy law • Ethanol fuel • Fossil fuels • Hydropower • Kyoto Protocol • Nuclear power • Oil refinery • Photovoltaic • Pollution • Renewable energy • Storage • Wind power

Transportation Infrastructure • Aviation • Airline • Airport • Barge • Bus • Cargo • Commuter rail • Controlled-access highway • Ferry • Freight • Highway • Inter-city rail • Intermodal freight transport • Just-in-time (business) • Limited-access road • Lock (water transport) • Logistics • Public transport • Rail transport • Rapid transit • Right-of-way • Shipping • Supply chain • Transport

Water Infrastructure • Combined sewer • Diffuser • Drinking water • Groundwater • Maceration • Pipe • Reverse osmosis • Septic tanks • Sewage • Sewage treatment • Sewage collection and disposal • Sewer overflow • Sewage pumping • Stormwater • Surface water • Surface runoff • Wastewater • Water pollution • Water supply • Water treatment • Water tower Template:/box-footer

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