Sanjak of Herzegovina
Sanjak of Herzegovina | |||||
sanjak of the Ottoman Empire | |||||
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Coat of arms |
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Capital | Foča, Pljevlja | ||||
History | |||||
• | Established | 1470 | |||
• | Part of Bosnia Eyalet | 1580 | |||
• | establishment of the Herzegovina Eyalet | 1833 | |||
Today part of | Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro |
The Sanjak of Herzegovina (Turkish: Hersek Sancağı) was an Ottoman administrative unit established in 1470. The seat was in Foča until 1572 when it was moved to Taşlıca (Pljevlja). The sanjak was initially part of the Eyalet of Rumelia but was administrated into the Eyalet of Bosnia following its establishment in 1580.
Contents
History
15th century
In November 1481 Ayas, an Ottoman general, attacked Novi and captured it probably at the end of January 1482.[1] The sanjak was established between 1483 and 1485. In 1485, Novi was established as a kadiluk of the sanjak of Herzegovina.
16th century
In 1572, the seat of the sanjak was moved from Foča to Pljevlja.[citation needed]
The Banat Uprising (1594) had been aided by Serbian Orthodox metropolitans Rufim Njeguš of Cetinje and Visarion of Trebinje (s. 1590–1602).[2] In 1596 revolts spread into Ottoman Montenegro and the neighbouring tribes in Herzegovina, especially under influence of Metropolitan Visarion.[2] A Ragusan document from the beginning of 1596 claims that many Herzegovinian chieftains with the metropolitan gathered in the Trebjesa Monastery where they swore oath "to give up and donate 20,000 heroes to the emperors' light."[3] In 1596, Grdan, vojvoda of Nikšić, and Serbian Patriarch Jovan Kantul (s. 1592–1614) led rebels against the Ottomans but were defeated on the Gacko Field in 1597 (see Serb Uprising of 1596–97). However, Grdan and Patriarch Jovan would continue to plan revolts against the Ottomans in the coming years.[4]
18th century
In 1737, Bogić Vučković and his brothers organized an uprising in Herzegovina during the Austro-Turkish War (1737–39).
19th century
At the beginning of the 19th century, the Bosnia Eyalet was one of the least developed and more autonomous provinces of the Empire.[5] In 1831, Bosnian kapudan Husein Gradaščević occupied Travnik, demanding autonomy and the end of military reforms in Bosnia.[6] Ultimately, exploiting the rivalries between beys and kapudans, the grand vizier succeeded in detaching the Herzegovinian forces, led by Ali-paša Rizvanbegović, from Gradaščević's.[6] The revolt was crushed, and in 1833, a new Herzegovina Eyalet was created from the southern part of the Bosnia Eyalet and given to Rizvanbegović as a reward for his contribution in crushing the uprising.[6] This new entity lasted only for a few years, being re-integrated into the Bosnia Eyalet after Rizvanbegović's death (1851).
In March 1852, Ottoman general Omar Pasha decided to disarm the Herzegovinians, which sparked an outrage in the region. The chieftain of the Herzegovinians was Luka Vukalović. The refusal of giving up arms resulted in minor fights between Herzegovinians and Turks (local Slavic Muslims), which in turn resulted in an uprising, which Vukalović would lead.
In 1875, a an uprising broke out in Herzegovina, led by local Serbs against their Ottoman Bosnian lords who treated them harshly and ignored the new reforms announced by Sultan Abdülmecid I. The rebels were aided with weapons and volunteers from the Principalities of Montenegro and Serbia, whose governments eventually jointly declared war on the Ottomans on 18 June 1876, leading to the Serbo-Turkish War (1876–78) and Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–78), which in turn led to the Russo-Turkish War (1877–78) and Great Eastern Crisis. A result of the uprisings and wars was the Berlin Congress in 1878, which gave Montenegro and Serbia independence and territorial expansion, while Austro-Hungary occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina for 30 years, while it still was de jure Ottoman territory. The Austro-Hungarian occupation and Montenegrin expansion of Old Herzegovina marks the end of the Sanjak of Herzegovina.
Governors
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This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
- Ayas, conqueror (1478–83)
- Hadim Sinan Pasha, sanjak-bey (1504–06)[7]
- Kasim Bey[when?][8]
- Kara Osman-beg[9]
- Sinan Pasha, sanjak-bey (1547–50)[10]
- Mehmed Bey Obrinović, sanjak-bey (fl. 1550)[citation needed]
- Malkoč-beg, sanjak-bey (1561–63)[citation needed][11]
- Sinan-beg Boljanić, sanjak-bey between the 1550s and 1570s
- Hüseyin Pasha Boljanić, sanjak-bey (1567–69)
- Sultanzade, sanjak-bey (1586–93)[citation needed]
- Ali Paša Čengić (1654)
- Arnaut Mustafa Pasha (1664)[12]
- Muharem Pasha (1664)[12]
- Sohrab Mehmed Pasha (1665)[12]
- Ćose Ali Pasha (1666)[12]
- Ibrahim Pasha Tešnjak (1667)[12]
- Mustafa-beg (fl. 1702)[citation needed]
- Alija, sanjak-bey (fl. 1718–19)[13]
- Ali-paša Rizvanbegović, Vizier of Herzegovina (1833–51)
See also
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References
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- ↑ Religious separation and political intolerance in Bosnia-Herzegovina, p. 84, at Google Books By Mitja Velikonja
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External links
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- 1477 defter of Ottoman Herzegovina - part
- States and territories established in 1470
- States and territories disestablished in 1833
- Articles containing Turkish-language text
- Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014
- Incomplete lists from December 2014
- Vague or ambiguous time from November 2014
- Unclassified articles missing geocoordinate data
- Sanjaks of the Ottoman Empire in Europe
- History of Herzegovina
- Ottoman period in the history of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Ottoman period in the history of Montenegro
- 1483 establishments in the Ottoman Empire
- 1833 disestablishments in the Ottoman Empire
- States and territories established in 1483
- 1473 establishments in Europe
- 1833 disestablishments in Europe
- 15th century in Bosnia and Herzegovina
- 16th century in Bosnia and Herzegovina
- 17th century in Bosnia and Herzegovina
- 18th century in Bosnia and Herzegovina
- 19th century in Bosnia and Herzegovina