Võro language

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Not to be confused with Voro language.
Võro
võro kiil
Native to Estonia
Region Southern Estonia
Ethnicity Võros
Native speakers
 87,000, including Seto (2011 census)[1]
Dialects
Official status
Regulated by Võro Institute (semi-official)
Language codes
ISO 639-3 vro
Glottolog None
Voromkaart.jpg
Võro language area — Võromaa (Võro county) in its historical boundaries between Tartu and Seto areas, Russia (Vinnemaa) and Latvia (Lätimaa)
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters.
File:South Estonian today.PNG
South Estonian today. Võro is marked with dark red colour.
Percentage of Võro speakers in Estonian municipalities according to the Estonian census 2011.
File:Speakers-of-South-Estonian-2012.png
According to the 2011 Estonia Census there were 101,857 speakers of South Estonian: 74,499 speakers of Võro, 12,549 Seto speakers, 9,698 Mulgi speakers, 4,109 Tartu speakers and 1,002 other South Estonian speakers.
A bilingual Estonian-Võro parish sign in Võrumaa. The parish name with vowel harmony (Urvastõ) is in Võro.
A Tringual (Estonian-English-Võro) sign of a tourist information center in Võru.
A 1998 ABC-book in Võro language written by Sulev Iva, Kauksi Ülle etc.: "ABC kiräoppus"

The Võro language (Võro: võro kiil' [ˈvɤro kʲiːlʲ], Estonian: võru keel)[2][3] is a language[4][5] belonging to the Finnic branch of the Uralic languages.[6] Traditionally it has been considered a dialect of the South Estonian dialect group of the Estonian language, but nowadays it has its own literary language[7] and is in search of official recognition as an autochthonous regional language of Estonia.[8][9] Võro has 74,499[1] speakers (Võros) mostly in south-eastern Estonia, in the eight parishes of historical Võru County: Karula, Harglõ, Urvastõ, Rõugõ, Kanepi, Põlva, Räpinä, and Vahtsõliina. These parishes are currently centered (due to redistricting) in Võru and Põlva counties with parts extending into Valga and Tartu counties. Speakers can also be found in the towns of Tallinn, Tartu and the rest of Estonia.[10][11][12]

History

Võro is a descendant of the old South Estonian regional language and is the least influenced by Standard Estonian (which is based on Northern Estonian dialects).[13] Võro was once spoken further south and east of historical Võromaa in South Estonian-speaking enclaves Lutsi, Leivu and Kraasna in what is now Latvia and Russia. In addition to Võro, other contemporary variants of South Estonian include the Mulgi, Tartu and Seto dialect.

One of the earliest written evidences of South Estonian is a translation of the New Testament (Wastne Testament) published in 1686. Although the status of South Estonian began to diminish after the 1880s, the language began to undergo a revival in the late 1980s.[14]

Present situation

The majority of Estonians perceive the Võro language as a modern synonym for South Estonian.[15] Today, Võro is used in the works of some of Estonia's best-known playwrights, poets, and authors (Madis Kõiv, Ülle Kauksi, Jaan Kaplinski, Ain Kaalep, etc.). One newspaper is printed in Võro: the fortnightly Uma Leht (literally 'Our Own Newspaper'). 26 public schools offer weekly special (mostly extracurricular) classes in modern Võro.

Estonia's contribution to the Eurovision Song Contest 2004 was the song "Tii", which was performed by Neiokõsõ in Võro. The language is endangered[16] by standard Estonian due to the government's lack of legal commitment to protect the language.[17][18]

Orthography

Võro employs the Latin script, like Estonian and Finnish.

А
/ɑ/		 B
/p/		 C
/t͡s/		 D
/t/		 E
/e/		 F
/f/		 G
/k/		 H
/h/		 I
/i/		 J
/j/		 K
/kk/
L
/l/		 M
/m/		 N
/n/		 O
/o/		 P
/pp/		 Q
/ʔ/		 R
/r/		 S
/ss/		 Š
/ʃʃ/		 T
/tt/		 U
/u/
V
/v/		 W
/v/		 Õ
/ɤ/		 Ä
/æ/		 Ö
/ø/		 Ü
/y/		 X
/ks/		 Y
/ɨ/		 Z
/s/		 Ž
/ʃ/		 '
/◌ʲ/

Most letters (including ä, ö, ü, and õ) denote the same sounds as in Estonian, with a few exceptions. The letter q stands for the glottal stop /ʔ/ and y denotes /ɨ/, a vowel very close to Russian ы or Polish y (from 2005 written õ).

Palatalization of consonants is marked with an acute accent (´) or apostrophe ('). In proper typography and in handwriting, the palatalisation mark does not extend above the cap height (except uppercase letters Ń, Ŕ, Ś, V́ etc.), and it is written above the letter if the letter has no ascender (ǵ, ḿ, ń, ṕ, ŕ, ś, v́ etc.) but written to the right of it otherwise (b’, d’, f’, h’, k’, l’, t’). In computing, it is not usually possible to enter these character combinations or to make them look esthetically pleasing, so the apostrophe is generally placed after the letter in all cases. This convention is followed in this article as well.

Phonology

Vowels

Front Back
unrounded rounded unrounded rounded
Close i y ɨ u
Mid e ø ɤ o
Open æ ɑ

Vowel harmony

Võro has preserved the system of vowel harmony that was present in Proto-Finnic. This distinguishes it from Estonian and some other Finnic languages, which have lost it.

The vowel harmony system distinguishes front, back and neutral vowels, much like the system found in Finnish. A word cannot contain both front and back vowels; suffixes automatically adapt the backness of the vowels depending on the type of vowels found in the word it is attached to. Neutral vowels can be combined with either type of vowel, although a word that contains only neutral vowels has front vowel harmony. The only neutral vowel is i, like in Votic but unlike Finnish and Karelian, where e is also neutral.

Võro vowel harmony
Front Back
Close rounded ü u
Close unrounded i
Mid rounded ö o
Mid unrounded e õ
Open ä a

The vowel y is considered a back vowel for harmony purposes, but does not participate in harmony itself, as it does not occur in suffixes and endings.

Some examples, with Estonian and Finnish included for comparison:

Võro Estonian Finnish Meaning
külä küla kylä village
küsünüq küsinud kysynyt has asked
hõbõhõnõ hõbedane hopeinen silver

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Dorsal Glottal
Plosive p pʲ t tʲ k kʲ ʔ
Affricate ts tsʲ
Nasal m mʲ n nʲ ŋ ŋʲ
Fricative f fʲ v vʲ s sʲ h hʲ
Approximant l lʲ j
Trill r rʲ

All Võro consonants (except /j/ and /ʔ/) can be palatalized. The glottal stop (q, IPA [ʔ]) is a very common sound in Võro.

Grammar

Nouns

Endings are shown only in the back vowel harmony variant. The e of the illative ending does not undergo vowel harmony, so it never changes to õ.

Only the more common endings are shown. There are some unusual/irregular endings that are only found in a few words or word types.

Case Singular
ending		 Plural
ending		 Meaning/use
Nominative (nimekäänüs) -∅ -q Subject
Accusative as genitive as nominative Telic/complete object
Genitive (umakäänüs) -∅ -i, -(i)dõ Possession, relation
Partitive (osakäänüs) -∅, -d, -t -i, -id, -it Atelic/partial object
Illative (sissekäänüs) -∅, -he, -htõ -i, -(i)he, -dõhe Motion into
Inessive (seenkäänüs) -(h)n -i(h)n, -(i)dõ(h)n Being in/inside
Elative (seestkäänüs) -st -ist, -(i)dõst Motion out of
Allative (päälekäänüs) -lõ -ilõ, -(i)dõlõ Motion onto, towards
Adessive (päälkäänüs) -l -il, -(i)dõl Being at, on
Ablative (päältkäänüs) -lt -ilt, -(i)dõlt Motion off, from
Translative (saajakäänüs) -s -is, -(i)dõs Changing into
Terminative (piirikäänüs) -niq -iniq, -(i)dõniq Until, up to, as far as
Abessive (ilmakäänüs) -ldaq -ildaq, -(i)dõldaq Without, lacking
Comitative (ütenkäänüs) -gaq -igaq, -(i)dõgaq With, in company of, by means of

Notes:

  • The accusative is not usually considered a separate case in Võro grammars, as it is always identical to either the nominative or the genitive.
  • When an ending beginning with d is attached to a stem ending in an obstruent, it is devoiced to t automatically.

Verbs

Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Some morphological features of the Võro language are considered to be very old. For instance the 3rd person singular of the indicative mood can be either without an ending or, alternatively, with a s-ending:

Võro Estonian Finnish Meaning
kirotas kirjutab kirjoittaa writes
and annab antaa gives

Among the Finnic languages, such double verb conjugation can be found only in the South Estonian and Karelian languages.

Negation

Võro has a negative particle that is appended to the end of the verb, whereas standard Estonian and Finnish have a negative verb, which precedes the verb. In Estonian and Finnish, the negative verb ei (Finnish en/et/ei/emme/ette/eivät) is used in both present and past negation, whereas in Võro the same is expressed by different particles ending with -i(q) or -s:

Võro Estonian Finnish Meaning
saq anna-aiq sa ei anna sinä et anna You don't give
maq tulõ-õiq ma ei tule minä en tule I don't come
saq anna-as sa ei andnud sinä et antanut You didn't give
maq tulõ-õs ma ei tulnud minä en tullut I didn't come

Language example

File:Wastne Võro keeli A B D raamat.jpg
An 1885 ABC-book in Võro language written by Johann Hurt: "Wastne Wõro keeli ABD raamat"

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Võro:

Kyik inemiseq sünnüseq avvo ja õiguisi poolõst ütesugumaidsis. Näile om annõt mudsu ja süämetunnistus ja nä piät üts'tõõsõga vele muudu läbi käümä.

As comparison the same sentence in Standard Estonian:

Kõik inimesed sünnivad vabadena ja võrdsetena oma väärikuselt ja õigustelt. Neile on antud mõistus ja südametunnistus ja nende suhtumist üksteisesse peab kandma vendluse vaim.

In Finnish:

Kaikki ihmiset syntyvät vapaina ja tasavertaisina arvoltaan ja oikeuksiltaan. Heille on annettu järki ja omatunto, ja heidän on toimittava toisiaan kohtaan veljeyden hengessä.

See also

Notes

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Further reading

  • Ehala, Martin & Niglas, Katrin (2007): Empirical evaluation of a mathematical model of ethnolinguistic vitality: the case of Võro. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development.
  • Eller, Kalle (1999): Võro-Seto language. Võro Instituut'. Võro.
  • Iva, Sulev; Pajusalu, Karl (2004): The Võro Language: Historical Development and Present Situation. In: Language Policy and Sociolinguistics I: "Regional Languages in the New Europe" International Scientific Conference; Rēzeknes Augstskola, Latvija; 20–23 May 2004. Rezekne: Rezekne Augstskolas Izdevnieceba, 2004, 58 – 63.
  • Iva, Sulev (2007): Võru kirjakeele sõnamuutmissüsteem (Inflectional Morphology in the Võro Literary Language). Dissertationes Philologiae Estonicae Universitatis Tartuensis 20, Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus (online: English summary pp 144–146) (PDF)
  • Iva, Sulev (pen name Jüvä Sullõv), (2002): Võro-eesti synaraamat (Võro-Estonian dictionary). Publications of Võro Institute 12. Tarto-Võro.
  • Keem, Hella (1997): Võru keel (Võro language). Võro Instituut ja Eesti teaduste akadeemia Emakeele selts. Tallinn.
  • Koreinik, Kadri (2007): The Võro language in education in Estonia. Regional dossiers series. Mercator. European Research Centre on Multilingualism and Language Learning (online: PDF).
  • Koreinik, Kadri; Pajusalu, Karl (2007): Language naming practices and linguistic identity in South-Eastern Estonia. – Language and Identity in the Finno-Ugric World. Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium at the University of Groningen, May 17–19, 2006. R. Blokland and C. Hasselblatt (eds). (Studia Fenno-Ugrica Groningana 4). Maastricht: Shaker.

External links

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