W. Lloyd Warner

W. Lloyd Warner
Born	October 26, 1898 Redlands, California
Died	May 23, 1970 Chicago, Illinois
Fields	Anthropology
Influenced	Erving Goffman, Edward Laumann

William Lloyd Warner (October 26, 1898 – May 23, 1970) was a pioneering socio-anthropologist noted for applying the techniques of his discipline to contemporary American culture.

Background

William Lloyd Warner was born in Redlands, California, into the family of William Taylor and Clara Belle Carter, middle-class farmers. Warner attended San Bernardino High School, after which he joined the army in 1917. He contracted tuberculosis in 1918 and was released from the service. In 1918 he married Billy Overfield, but the marriage lasted only briefly.

Warner enrolled in the University of California, where he studied English and became associated with Socialist Party. However, in 1921 he left for the New York City to pursue a career in acting. The plan did not work well, and Warner returned to Berkeley to complete his studies.

At Berkeley he met Robert H. Lowie, professor of anthropology, who encouraged him to turn to anthropology. Warner became fascinated by the work of Bronislaw Malinowski and Radcliffe-Brown, who introduced him to the British functionalist approach to social anthropology. He also developed friendships with anthropologists Alfred L. Kroeber and Theodora Kroeber. Warner received his B.A. from Berkeley in 1925.

Warner spent three years, from 1926 to 1929, as a researcher for the Rockefeller Foundation and the Australian National Research Council, studying the Murngin people of northern Australia. From 1929 to 1935 Warner studied at Harvard in the department of anthropology and the Business School, trying to obtain his Ph.D. He used his study among Murngin for his dissertation, which was later published in his first book, A Black Civilization: A Social Study of an Australian Tribe (1937). He never defended the thesis, though, and accordingly, did not receive his doctoral degree.

During his years at Harvard, Warner became a member of a group of social scientists, led by Australian social psychologist Elton Mayo. Mayo was exploring the social and psychological dimensions of industrial settings, and evoked Warner's interest in contemporary society. Warner became involved in Mayo's project of studying the workplace and organizational structure, using the Western Electric Hawthorne plant in Chicago as its location. This work led to the famous discovery called "Hawthorne Effect," which revealed that social and psychological influences were more motivating to workers than economic incentives.

While at Harvard, Warner taught at the Graduate School of Business Administration. From 1930 to 1935 he conducted his most influential study, which was known by the name The Yankee City project. In 1932, he married Mildred Hall, with whom he had three children.

Career at Harvard

Warner received his B.A. from the University of California, Berkeley in 1925. After serving as a researcher for the Rockefeller Foundation and the Australian National Research Council (1926–1929), Warner enrolled at Harvard (1929–1935) as a graduate student in the Department of Anthropology and the Graduate School of Business School Administration. His first book, A Black Civilization: A Social Study of an Australian Tribe (1937), followed the conventional anthropological path of studying so-called "primitive people."

During his years at Harvard, he became a member of a group of social scientists, led by Australian social psychologist Elton Mayo, who were exploring the social and psychological dimensions of industrial settings. Mayo, the father of the Human Relations Movement, is best known for his discovery of the Hawthorne Effect in the course of his motivational research at the Western Electric Company. (On Warner's association with Mayo, see [1]).

Career in Chicago

In 1935, he was appointed professor of anthropology and sociology at the University of Chicago, where he remained until 1959, when he was appointed professor of social research at Michigan State University. During his Chicago years, Warner's research included important studies of black communities in Chicago and the rural South, of a New England community ("Yankee City"/Newburyport, MA), and a Midwestern community ("Jonesville"). In addition to these community studies, Warner researched business leaders and government administrators, as well as producing important books on race, religion, and American society.

Warner's Yankee City study was undoubtedly the most ambitious and sustained examination of an American community ever undertaken. Warner and his team of researchers occupied Newburyport for nearly a decade, conducting exhaustive interviews and surveys. Ultimately, the study produced 5 volumes: The Social Life of a Modern Community (1941), The Status System of a Modern Community (1942), The Social Systems of American Ethnic Groups (1945), The Social System of a Modern Factory (1947), and The Living and the Dead: A Study in the Symbolic Life of Americans (1959).

Criticisms

One of the most scathing critiques of Warner's methods came not from a fellow social scientist, but from popular novelist John Phillips Marquand. A Newburyport native with deep roots in the town, Marquand was annoyed by Warner's efforts to quantify and generalize people and experiences whose particularity served as the basis for several of his novels. In Point of No Return (1947), Marquand mercilessly lampooned Warner (the character Malcolm Bryant) and his work.

Marquand was generally scornful of academics - for instance his cruel portrayal of literature scholar Allen Southby in Wickford Point (1939) - but his animus for Warner was personal. In Warner's deterministic vision of American culture, a small town boy like the Point of No Return protagonist Charles Gray would have had little hope of breaking free of the bonds of his provincial lower-upper-class status. That Marquand himself, like Charles Gray, was able to do so seemed a clear refutation of Bryant/Warner's fatalistic theorizing and facile status taxonomies.

Despite his impressive productivity and wide range of interests, Warner's work has long been out of fashion. An empiricist in an era when the social disciplines were increasingly theoretical, fascinated with economic and social inequality in a time when Americans were eager to deny its significance, and implicitly skeptical of the possibilities of legislating social change at a time when many social scientists were eager to be policymakers, Warner's focus on uncomfortable subjects made his work unfashionable. Warner's interest in communities — when the social science mainstream was stressing the importance of urbanization — and religion — when the fields' leaders were aggressively secularist — also helped to marginalize him. Recent work finds cause to celebrate Warner's work and his career. (See McCracken, Grant. 1988. Ever dearer in our thoughts: patina and the representation of status before and after the 18th century. Culture and Consumption. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 41–42.)

Relevance to modern anthropology

Events of the past decade have given Warner's work new relevance, particularly to study of Social class in the United States. His community studies offer invaluable evidence for scholars investigating social capital, civic engagement, civil society, and the role of religion in public life (Verba, Brady & Schlozman 1995; Putnam 1999; Theda Skocpol 1999). His studies of class, race, and inequality grow more timely as the deep inequities of American society grow more evident.

Sources

• Easton, John. 2001. Consuming Interests. University of Chicago Magazine 93(6)
• Marquand, John P. 1939. Wickford Point.
• Marquand, John P. 1947. Point of No Return.
• Warner, W. Lloyd. 1967. The Emergent American Society.
• Warner, W. Lloyd. 1963. The American Federal Executive: A Study of the Social and Personal Characteristics of the Civil Service.
• Warner, W. Lloyd. 1963. Big Business Leaders in America.
• Warner, W. Lloyd. 1962. The Corporation in the Emergent American Society.
• Warner, W. Lloyd. 1961. The Family of God: A Symbolic Study of Christian Life in America.
• Warner, W. Lloyd. 1960. Social class in America: A Manual of Procedure for the Measurement of Social Status.
• Warner, W. Lloyd. 1959. The Living and the Dead: A Study of the Symbolic Life of Americans.
• Warner, W. Lloyd (ed.). 1959. Industrial Man: Businessmen and Business Organizations.
• Warner, W. Lloyd. 1955. Big Business Leaders in America,
• Warner, W. Lloyd. 1955. Occupational Mobility in American Business and Industry, 1928-1952.
• Warner, W. Lloyd. 1953. American Life: Dream and Reality.
• Warner, W. Lloyd. 1952. Structure of American Life.
• Warner, W. Lloyd. 1949. Democracy in Jonesville; A Study of Quality and Inequality.
• Warner, W. Lloyd. 1949. Social Class in America: A Manual of Procedure for the Measurement of Social Status.
• Warner, W. Lloyd. 1948. The Radio Day Time Serial: A Symbolic Analysis.
• Warner, W. Lloyd. 1947. The Social System of the Modern Factory. The Strike: A Social Analysis.
• Warner, W. Lloyd. 1946. Who Shall Be Educated? The Challenge of Unequal Opportunities.
• Warner, W. Lloyd. 1945. The Social Systems of American Ethnic Groups.
• Warner, W. Lloyd. 1944. Who Shall Be Educated? The Challenge of Unequal Opportunities.
• Warner, W. Lloyd. 1942. The Status System of a Modern Community.
• Warner, W. Lloyd. 1941. Color and Human Nature: Negro Personality Development in a Northern City.
• Warner, W. Lloyd. 1937. A Black Civilization: A Social Study of an Australian Tribe.