Open-mid back rounded vowel
Open-mid back rounded vowel | |||
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ɔ | |||
IPA Number | 306 | ||
Encoding | |||
Entity (decimal) | ɔ |
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Unicode (hex) | U+0254 | ||
X-SAMPA | O |
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Braille | |||
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The open-mid back rounded vowel, or low-mid back rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɔ⟩. The IPA symbol is a turned letter c and both the symbol and the sound are commonly called "open-o". The name open-o represents the sound, in that it is like the sound represented by ⟨o⟩, the close-mid back rounded vowel, except it is more open. It also represents the symbol, which can be remembered as an o which has been "opened" by removing part of the closed circular shape.
The IPA prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowels, and the name of the article follows this. However, a large number of linguists, perhaps a majority, prefer the terms "high" and "low".
Features
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Paired vowels are: unrounded • rounded | ||||||||||||||||||||
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IPA help • IPA key • chart • chart with audio • view |
- Its vowel height is open-mid, also known as low-mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between an open vowel (a low vowel) and a mid vowel.
- Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned as far back as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Note that unrounded back vowels tend to be centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-back.
- Its roundedness is protruded, which means that the corners of the lips are drawn together, and the inner surfaces exposed.
Occurrence
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Afrikaans | Few speakers in the former Transvaal Province[1] | daar | [dɔːr] | 'there' | Much more often open [ɒː]. It is unrounded [ɑː] in standard Afrikaans.[2] See Afrikaans phonology |
Albanian | po | [pɔ] | 'yes' | ||
Arabic | Tunisian | mox | [mɔχ] | 'brain' | Correspond to [uː] for some words in other varieties. |
Armenian | Eastern[3] | հողմ | [hɔʁm] | 'storm' | |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic | Urmian dialect | khwara | [χwɔːra] | 'white' | Corresponds to [ɒ] in other varieties. |
Bamana | wɔɔrɔ | [wɔːrɔ] | 'six' | ||
Bavarian | Amstetten dialect[4] | [example needed] | May be transcribed in IPA as ⟨ɒ⟩.[4] | ||
Bengali | বস | [bɔʃ] | 'sit' | See Bengali phonology | |
Catalan[5] | soc | [ˈsɔk] | 'clog' | See Catalan phonology | |
Chinese | Cantonese | 我/ngo5 | [ŋɔː˩˧] | 'I' | See Cantonese phonology |
Mandarin | 我/wǒ | [wɔ˨˩˦] | 'I' | See Mandarin phonology | |
Min | 五/gōo | [ɡɔ˨] | 'five' | ||
Wu | 跑/bo | [bɔ˨˩˦] | 'run' | ||
Danish | Standard[6][7][8][9] | og | [ɔʊ̯] | 'and' | Slightly lowered,[6][7][8][9] also described as [ɒ][10] - the way it is most often transcribed. See Danish phonology |
Dutch | Standard Belgian[11] | och | <phonos file="Nl-och.ogg">[ʔɔˤx]</phonos> | 'alas' | 'Very tense, with strong lip-rounding',[12] strongly pharyngealized[13] (although less so in standard Belgian[14]) and somewhat fronted.[11][15] See Dutch phonology |
Standard Netherlandic[15] | |||||
Amelands | hôl | [hɔːl] | 'hollow' | ||
Belgian | nauw | [nɔ̞ː] | 'narrow' | Some dialects. Corresponds to [ɔu] in standard Belgian Dutch. | |
Dutch Low Saxon | taol | [tɔːɫ] | 'language' | May be lower [ɒː] in some dialects. | |
English | Australian[16] | not | <phonos file="En-uk-not.ogg">[nɔt]</phonos> | 'not' | See Australian English phonology |
Estuary[17] | |||||
New Zealand[18] | May be somewhat fronted.[19] Often transcribed in IPA as ⟨ɒ⟩. | ||||
Received Pronunciation[20] | /ɒ/ has shifted up in emerging RP. | ||||
General American[21] | thought | [θɔːt] | 'thought' | Mainly in speakers without the cot–caught merger. It may be from lower [ɒ]. See English phonology | |
Norfolk[22] | |||||
Older Received Pronunciation[23] | Higher [ɔ̝ː] for most other speakers. | ||||
Scottish[24] | Many Scottish dialects exhibit the cot-caught merger, the outcome of which is a vowel of [ɔ] quality. | ||||
Sheffield[25] | goat | [ɡɔːt] | 'goat' | ||
Newfoundland[26] | but | [bɔt] | 'but' | Less commonly unrounded [ʌ].[26] See English phonology | |
Faroese | góðan morgun | [ˌɡɔuwan ˈmɔɹɡʊn] | 'good morning' | ||
French[27] | sort | [sɔ̜ːʁ] | 'fate' | See French phonology | |
Georgian[28] | სწორი | [st͡sʼɔɾi] | 'correct' | ||
German | Northern Bernese | grad | [ˈɡ̊rɔd̥] | 'just now' | May be lower [ɒ]. See Bernese German phonology |
Standard[29] | voll | <phonos file="De-at-voll.ogg">[fɔl]</phonos> | 'full' | See German phonology | |
Icelandic[30][31][32] | loft | [ˈlɔft] | 'air' | Often diphthongized to [oɔ] when long.[33] See Icelandic phonology | |
Indonesian | kodok | [kɔdɔʔ] | 'frog' | ||
Italian[34] | parola | <phonos file="It-parola.ogg">[päˈrɔ̟ːlä]</phonos> | 'word' | Fronted. See Italian phonology | |
Kaingang[35] | [ˈpɔ] | 'stone' | |||
Lao | ບ | [bɔː] | 'origin' | ||
Limburgish[36][37][38] | mòn | [mɔːn] | 'moon' | Corresponds to lower [ɒ̝ː] in the Maastrichtian dialect.[39] The example word is from the Hasselt dialect.[40] | |
Lingala | mbɔ́ngɔ | [ᵐbɔ́ᵑɡɔ] | 'money' | ||
Luxembourgish[41] | Sonn | [zɔn] | 'son' | Possible realization of /o/.[41] See Luxembourgish phonology | |
Macedonian | коњ | [kɔɲ] | 'horse' | See Macedonian phonology | |
Norwegian | Some dialects[42] | så | [sɔː] | 'so' | Present e.g. in Telemark; realized as mid [ɔ̝ː] in other dialects.[42] See Norwegian phonology |
Occitan | òme | [ˈɔme] | 'man' | ||
Polish[43] | kot | <phonos file="Pl-kot.ogg">[kɔt̪]</phonos> | 'cat' | See Polish phonology | |
Portuguese | Most dialects[44][45] | fofoca | [fɔˈfɔ̞kə] | 'gossip' | Stressed vowel might be lower. The presence and use of other unstressed ⟨o⟩ allophones, such as [o̞ o ʊ u], varies according to dialect. |
Some speakers[46] | bronca | [ˈbɾɔ̃kə] | 'scolding' | Stressed vowel, allophone of nasal vowel /õ̞/. See Portuguese phonology | |
Slovak | Standard[47] | ohúriť | [ˈɔɦʊːrɪc̟] | 'to stun' | Backness varies between back and near-back; most commonly realized as mid [o̞] instead.[47] See Slovak phonology |
Spanish | Eastern Andalusian | tos | [tɔː] | 'cough' | Allophone of /o/ before word-final underlying /s/, /θ/, and /x/. See Spanish phonology. |
Murcian | |||||
Swedish | moll | [mɔl] | minor | See Swedish phonology | |
Tajik | тоҷикӣ | [tɔːdʒɪˈkiː] | 'Tajik language' | ||
Ukrainian | вовк | [ˈvɔwk] | 'wolf' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
Vietnamese | to | [tɔ] | 'large' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
West Frisian | bôle | [ˈbɔːɫə] | 'bread' | ||
Yoruba[48] | [example needed] | Nasalized; may be near-open [ɔ̞̃] instead.[48] |
See also
References
- ↑ Donaldson (1993), p. 6.
- ↑ Donaldson (1993), pp. 6–7.
- ↑ Dum-Tragut (2009:13)
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
- ↑ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:54)
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Grønnum (1998:100)
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Grønnum (2005:268)
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Grønnum (2003)
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Basbøll (2005:47)
- ↑ Allan, Holmes & Lundskær-Nielsen (2000:17)
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Verhoeven (2005:245)
- ↑ Collins & Mees (2003:132)
- ↑ Collins & Mees (2003:132, 222 and 224)
- ↑ Collins & Mees (2003:222)
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Gussenhoven (1992:47)
- ↑ Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997)
- ↑ Wells (1982a:305)
- ↑ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009a)
- ↑ Bauer et al. (2007:98)
- ↑ Wikström (2013:45), "It seems to be the case that younger RP or near-RP speakers typically use a closer quality, possibly approaching Cardinal 6 considering that the quality appears to be roughly intermediate between that used by older speakers for the LOT vowel and that used for the THOUGHT vowel, while older speakers use a more open quality, between Cardinal Vowels 13 and 6."
- ↑ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009b)
- ↑ Lodge (2009:168)
- ↑ Wells (1982a:293)
- ↑ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006:7)
- ↑ Stoddart, Upton and Widowson in Urban Voices, Arnold, London, 1999, page 74
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 Wells (1982b:498)
- ↑ Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
- ↑ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:261–262)
- ↑ Mangold (2005:37)
- ↑ Árnason (2011:60)
- ↑ Einarsson (1945:10), cited in Gussmann (2011:73)
- ↑ Haugen (1958:65)
- ↑ Árnason (2011:57–60)
- ↑ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:119)
- ↑ Jolkesky (2009:676–677 and 682)
- ↑ Verhoeven (2007:221)
- ↑ Peters (2006:118–119)
- ↑ Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998:110)
- ↑ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:158–159)
- ↑ Peters (2006:118–119)
- ↑ 41.0 41.1 Gilles & Trouvain (2013:70)
- ↑ 42.0 42.1 Popperwell (2010:26)
- ↑ Jassem (2003:105)
- ↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
- ↑ Variação inter- e intra-dialetal no português brasileiro: um problema para a teoria fonológica – Seung-Hwa LEE & Marco A. de Oliveira
- ↑ Lista das marcas dialetais e ouros fenómenos de variação (fonética e fonológica) identificados nas amostras do Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP (Portuguese)
- ↑ 47.0 47.1 Pavlík (2004:94–95)
- ↑ 48.0 48.1 Bamgboṣe (1969:166)
Bibliography
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