Sp1 transcription factor
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Transcription factor Sp1, also known as specificity protein 1* is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SP1 gene.[1]
Contents
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a zinc finger transcription factor that binds to GC-rich motifs of many promoters. The encoded protein is involved in many cellular processes, including cell differentiation, cell growth, apoptosis, immune responses, response to DNA damage, and chromatin remodeling. Post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation, acetylation, glycosylation, and proteolytic processing significantly affect the activity of this protein, which can be an activator or a repressor.[1]
In the SV40 virus, Sp1 binds to the GC boxes in the regulatory region (RR) of the genome.
Structure
SP1 belongs to the Sp/KLF family of transcription factors. The protein is 785 amino acids long, with a molecular weight of 81 kDA. The SP1 transcription factor contains a zinc finger protein motif, by which it binds directly to DNA and enhances gene transcription. Its zinc fingers are of the Cys2/His2 type and bind the consensus sequence 5'-(G/T)GGGCGG(G/A)(G/A)(C/T)-3' (GC box element).
Applications
Sp1 has been used as a control protein to compare with when studying the increase or decrease of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and/or the estrogen receptor, since it binds to both and generally remains at a relatively constant level.[2]
Inhibitors
Withaferin A, a sterodial lactone from Withania Somnifera plant is known to inhibit Sp1 transcription factor.[3]
Interactions
Sp1 transcription factor has been shown to interact with:
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- AATF,[4]
- CEBPB,[5][6]
- COL1A1,[7]
- E2F1,[8][9][10]
- FOSL1,[11]
- GABPA,[12]
- HDAC1,[4][13][14][15]
- HDAC2,[14][15][16]
- HMGA1,[6]
- HCFC1,[17][18]
- HTT,[19]
- KLF6,[20]
- MEF2C,[21]
- MEF2D,[22]
- MSX1,[23]
- Myogenin,[24]
- POU2F1,[17][25]
- PPP1R13L,[26]
- PSMC5,[27][28]
- PML,[29]
- RELA,[30][31]
- SMAD3,[32][33]
- SUMO1,[27]
- SF1,[34]
- TAL1,[35] and
- UBC.[27]
References
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Further reading
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External links
- Sp1 Transcription Factor at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- FactorBook SP1
This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.
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